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ZOOLOGY (LABORATORY) > TISSUES AND ORGANS > Flashcards

TISSUES AND ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

These are aggregates of cells of a particular type or type.

A

TISSUES

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2
Q

What are the tips for studying tissues and recognizing them?

A

1) Note the cell details
A. Shape of the cell - square, rectangular, flat, spindle-shaped
B. Location of the nucleus - near the base of the cell, centrally located, near the top of the cell
C. Shape of the nucleus - round, oval elongated
D. Are the cells ciliated?

2) Tissue details:
A. Is the cell multinucleated?
B. Are the cells closely packed or loosely arranged?
C. What are the parts of the tissues? Identify them.

3) Drawings

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3
Q

What are the FIVE (5) GENERAL TISSUE TYPES?

A

1) EPITHELIAL TISSUE
2) CONNECTIVE OR SUPPORTIVE TISSUES
3) BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE
4) MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUE
5) NERVOUS OR CONDUCTILE TISSUE

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4
Q

What are the SEVEN (7) TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

A

1) SQUAMOUS
2) COLUMNAR
3) CUBOIDAL
4) CILIATED
5) STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
6) UNICELLULAR GLANDS
7) MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) TYPES OF CONNECTIVE OR SUPPORTIVE TISSUES?

A

1) FIBROUS TISSUE
2) CARTILAGE
3) BONE

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) TPES OF MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUE?

A

1) VISCERAL MUSCLE (SMOOTH, INVOLUNTARY)
2) CARTILAGE MUSCLE (STRIATED, INVOLUNTARY)
3) SKELETAL MUSCLE (STRIATED, VOLUNTARY)

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7
Q

A line drawing showing the sequence of the various tissue layers and the general contour in which they appear in the organ.

A

TISSUE MAP

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8
Q

What tissue part is this:

  • The enclosed space in the gut.
A

LUMEN

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9
Q

What tissue part is this:

  • Layer nearest to the lumen. It is thrown into a series of folds. This layer secretes mucus.
A

MUCOSA

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10
Q

What tissue part is this:

  • Layer located around the mucosa.
A

SUBMUCOSA

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11
Q

What tissue part is this:

  • composed of LONGITUDINAL and CIRCULAR MUSCLES.
A

VISCERAL MUSCLE LAYER

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12
Q

What tissue part is this:

  • Outermost covering of the organ examined.
A

SEROSA

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13
Q

What is SEROSA?

A

OUTERMOST COVERING OF THE ORGAN

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14
Q

What is MUCOSA?

A
  • LAYER NEAREST THE LUMEN
  • THROWN IN A SERIES OF FOLDS
  • SECRETES MUCUS
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15
Q

What is SUBMOCOSA?

A

LAYER LOCATED AROUND THE MUCOSA

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16
Q

What is the VISCERAL MUSCLE LAYER?

A
  • COMPOSED OF LONGITUDINAL and CIRCULAR MUSCLES
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17
Q

These are COVERING tissues found OUTSIDE the anima, lining the digestive track and glands, and at the SURFACE of organs.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

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18
Q

They are densely packed cells with little intercellular or interstitial matrix (space between cells).

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

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19
Q

What are the TWO (2) TYPES of EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

A

SIMPLE and COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

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20
Q

Consists of a single layer of cells.

A

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

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21
Q

Consists of a series of layers which function as a PROTECTIVE COVERING for underlying tissues. Usually found in areas of heavy wear and tear where they provide rapid replacement of damaged cells.

A

COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

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22
Q

A layer of flat cells. They have high surface area and possess very little intracellular material.

A

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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23
Q

Similar to squamous cells but they are square- or cubed- shaped. They are usually found in the kidney.

A

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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24
Q

Where is the CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM usually found?

A

KIDNEY

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25
Q

They have high surface area.

A

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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26
Q

Similar to cuboidal tissue but are rectangular or shaped like a column or a pillar. They line the digestive
tract from the stomach to the rectum. The tissue has secretory and absorptive functions.

A

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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27
Q

These tissues can be composed of any of the epithelial cells, however, the cells are ciliated. Among the
other tissues, they are found lining the respiratory passages and the digestive tract. Cilia are always associated with mucus
production. Secretory (Goblet) cells are found among ciliated cells.

A

CILIATED EPITHELIUM

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28
Q

Composed of loosely packed cells.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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29
Q

What do CONNECTIVE OR SUPPORTIVE TISSUES differ from EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

A

INTERCELLULAR MATRIX

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30
Q

These tissues CONNECT muscles, from packing around organs and form skeletal supporting organs.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

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31
Q

This is the most widely distributed FIBROUS TISSUE.

A

AREOLAR TISSUE

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32
Q

The AREOLAR TISSUES form the ______________ beneath the skin, fills spaces between many organs, act as a _____________ between muscles and is found in the ____________.

A

CONTINUOUS LAYER; PACKING; MESENTERIES

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33
Q

What is the FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE made of?

A

WHITE (COLLAGEN) and YELLOW (FIBERS)

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34
Q

In FIBROUS TISSUES, white fibers are secreted by ___________.

A

FIBROCYTES

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35
Q

These are thick, unbranching and usually stain lighter.

A

WHITE FIBERS

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36
Q

These are thin, network-forming and stain darkly.

A

YELLOW FIBERS

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37
Q

What are the TWO (2) TYPES of CARTILAGE?

A

1) HYALINE
2) ELASTIC

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38
Q

This is a CLEAR, BLUISH-COLORED, GLASSY SUBSTANCE.

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

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39
Q

The matrix of HYALINE CARTILAGE is composed of ___________ which is a network of collagen fibers.

40
Q

These cells secrete chondrin.

A

CHONDROBLASTS

41
Q

They cluster in small groups with each cell with a fluid-filled space called a ___________.

42
Q

This type of cartilage joins BONES together, allowing some elasticity and reducing friction.

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE

43
Q

What do HYALINE CARTILAGE join together?

44
Q

The HYALINE CARTILAGE joins BONES TOGETHER to allow some ________ and _________.

A

ELASTICITY; REDUCING FRICTION

45
Q

This is similar to hyaline cartilage but is more FLEXIBLE due to the presence of numerous yellow fibers.

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

46
Q

This is found in the PINNA of the ear, the end of the nose and the epiglotis.

A

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

47
Q

Where can the ELASTIC CARTILAGE be found?

A

1) PINNA OF THE EAR
2) END OF THE NOSE
3) EPIGLOTTIS

48
Q

In BONES, the process of ________________ replaces the cartilaginous skeleton of most vertebrate juveniles.

A

OSSIFICATION

49
Q

Bones formed through OSSIFICATION are called what?

A

OSSIFIED BONES (as opposed to dermal bones)

50
Q

The organic matrix of bone is PERFORATED by a series of _______________, which transmit blood vessels to supply the bones cells (____________).

A

HARVESIAN CANALS; OSTEOCYTES

51
Q

Another term for BONE CELLS.

A

OSTEOCYTES

52
Q

The osteocytes are arranged concentrically around the canals, forming a series of __________ (_________________).

A

CYLINDERS (BONE LAMELLAE)

53
Q

The osteocytes line in what spaces? and link up to each other through ___________ (_________________).

A

LACUNAE; FINE PORES (CANALICULI)

54
Q

This tissue is SOMETIMES classified under CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

A

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE

55
Q

Blood is a what?

A

FLUID TISSUE

56
Q

The blood is made up of ___________, which are red and white blood cells and _______ (the fluid matrix which ____________ the cell)

A

CORPUSCLES ; PLASMA; SUSPENDS

57
Q

In what part of the body are the RED BLOOD CELLS formed?

A

BONE MARROW

58
Q

Usually, BLOOD CELLS are ____________ ____________.

A

BICONCAVE DISCS

59
Q

The RBC is nucleated in?

A

LOWER AMPHIBIANS (FISH & AMPHOBIA)

60
Q

In __________ FORMS, RBC is anucleated (does not have a nucleus).

61
Q

This blood type is colorless unless they are stained.

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

62
Q

The inner circular muscle fibers are oriented in what organ?

A

DIGESTIVE TUBE

63
Q

This is usually thicker and more distinct than the thinner longitudinal muscles/

A

INNER CIRCULAR MUSCLE FIBERS

64
Q

The longitudinal muscle fibers will be seen as ______________ since the fibers are oriented from anterior to posterior.

A

MUSCLE BUNDLES

65
Q

Epithelial tissues are found outside the animal, lining the ______________ and ___________.

A

DIGESTIVE TRACT; GLANDS; SURFACE OR ORGANS

66
Q

What is the function of COMPOUNd EPITHELIUM?

A

Serves as protective covering for underlying tissues.

67
Q

Where are COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUES MOSTLY FOUN?

A
  • In areas of heavy wear and tear where they provide a rapid replacement for damages cells.
68
Q

What are the functions of COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM?

A

DIGESTIVE & ABSROPTIVE

69
Q

Where in the digestive tract can COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM be found?

A

STOMACH TO RECTUM

70
Q

Where is the CILIATED EPITHELIUM found?

A

LINING IN THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.

71
Q

Cilia are always associated with?

A

MUCUS PRODUCTION

72
Q

These are found among ciliated cells.

A

SECRETORY GOBLET CELLS

74
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: FOUND IN THE LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT FROM THE STOMACH TO THE RECTUM

FUNCTION: SECRETION, EXCRETION, & ABSORPTION

75
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: HUMAN STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: SKIN, MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS

FUNCTION: PROTECT AGAINST FRICTION & WEAR

76
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: BLADDER, URETER

FUNCTION: STRETCHES TO ACCOMMODATE URINE

77
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: SKIN, MOUTH, THROAT
FUNCTION: PROTECTS AGAINST ABRASION & DEHYDRATION

78
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND DIGESTIVE TRACT

FUNCTION: MOVES UCUS AND TRAPPED PARTICLES OUT OF THE AIRWAYS

79
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE: CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

A

LOCATION: GLANDS, KIDNEY TUBULES
FUNCTION: SECRETION & ABSROPTION

80
Q

What is the function of HARVESIAN CANALS in Bones?

A

TRANSMIT BLOOD VESSELS TO SUPPLY THE BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)

81
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

LOCATION: UNDER THE SKIN, AROUND ORGANS

FUNCTION: STORES FAT, INSULATES, CUSHIONS

82
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: MAMMAL AREOLAR TISSUE (AREOLAR TISSUE)

A

LOCATION: BENEATH SKIN, AROUND BLOOD VESSELS

FUNCTION: BINDS TISSUES, PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY & CUSHIONING

83
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: HUMAN BONE DECALCIFIED (DENSE IRREGULAR)

A

LOCATION: SKELETON (AFTER DECALCIFICATION)

FUNCTION: SUPPORTS BODY, PROVIDES STRUCTURE (ORGANIC MATRIX REMAINS)

84
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: ELASTIC CARTILAGE

A

LOCATION: PINNA OF THE EAR, TIP OF THE NOSE, EPIGLOTTIS

FUNCTION: PROVIDES FLEXIBLE SUPPORT, MAINTAINS SHAPE

85
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

BLOOD OR VASCULAR TISSUE: BLOOD SMEAR

A

LOCATION: CIRCULATES THROUGHOUT THE BODY IN BLOOD VESSELS

FUNCTION: TRANSPORTS OXYGEN (via RBC), FIGHTS INFECTIONS (via WBC), HELPS WITH CLOTTING (via PLATELETS)

86
Q

This tissue type can be VOLUNTARY or INVOLUNTARY, STRIATED or SMOOTH/NON-STRIATED.

A

MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUES

87
Q

The cells of the MUSCULAR or CONTRACTILE TISSUE are what shaped?

A

ELONGATED OR SPINDLE-SHAPED

88
Q

What should be examined to see the outline of individual cells in MUSCULAR OR CONTACTILE TISSUES?

A

TEASED SECTION

89
Q

This voluntary muscle tissue has a BANDED APPEARANCE (__________), thus called ________ muscle. Each fiber is made up of numerous _______ and is enclosed in a membrane ________ and contains numerous nuclei (multinucleated).

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE; STRIATIONS; STRIATED; FIBRILS; SARCOLEMMA

90
Q

These tissues are INVOLUNTARY, non-striated muscular tissue. They consist of ELONGATED cells bound together by connective tissue. They are interdigitating and form latticework (_________ __________). They can occur in sheets or layers around organs (for example: circular and longitudinal muscles of the gastro-intestinal tract) and blood vessels. They are also found in the deeper portion of the skin.

A

VISCERAL MUSCLE; FUNCTIONAL SYNYCTIUM

91
Q

This tissue is found in the WALLS OF THE HEART ONLY. iT IS INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE VISCERAL AND SKELETAL MUSCLES in that they are involuntary and striated. Like skeletal muscles, this tissue’s fibers are separate but are interdigitating and branch to form a contractile network.

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

92
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUE: SMOOTH OR VISCERAL MUSCLE

A

LOCATION: IN THE WALLS OF INTERNAL ORGANS (E.G. STOMACH AND INTESTINES)

FUNCTION: INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS SUCH AS DIGESTION AND ORGAN CONTRACTIONS

93
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUE: CARDIAC MUSCLE

A

LOCATION: HEART

FUNCTION: PUMPS BLOOD THROUGH INVOLUNTARY, RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS

94
Q

Give the LOCATION & FUNCTION:

MUSCULAR OR CONTRACTILE TISSUE: SKELETAL MUSCLE

A

LOCATION: ATTACHED TO THE BONES

FUNCTION: VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS SUCH AS WALKING, LIFTING, AND RUNNING

95
Q

These are periodic gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon that serves to facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

A

NODES OF RANVIER

96
Q
  • These are extensions, or processes, of the cytoplasm that carry impulses to the cell body.
  • Projections from the cell body, or soma, of neurons, the cells of the nervous system.
  • Main function is to receive information from other neurons, called pre-synaptic neurons, or from the environment.
97
Q

Portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

ZOOLOGY (LABORATORY) (1 decks)

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