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Biology > Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Tissues and Organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

An amalgamation of cells that all perform the same function

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A body part composed of several tissues grouped together to perform an overall function

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3
Q

What are the 5 layers of the ileum?

A
  • Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa and the mucosa + gut lumen
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4
Q

Role of serosa?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue provides a very thin protective and supportive lining for the alimentary canal

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5
Q

Role of muscularis externa?

A

Outer layer of longitudinal muscle contractions cause pendular movements. Inner layer circular muscle contractions causes local constrictions. Actions help churn mix food, peristaltic waves

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6
Q

Role of submucosa?

A

Largely composed of connective tissue and contains blood and lymphatic vessels.

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7
Q

Role of muscularis mucosa?

A

Movement of villi in mucosa, increasing contact with digested food in gut lumen.

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8
Q

Role of mucosa?

A

Highly specialised, increase SA due to villi and microvilli

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9
Q

How do columnar epithelial cells have extended SA?

A

By microvilli that give brush border appearance

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10
Q

the role of the mucosa? 2

A
  • Columnar epithelium with microvilli for absorption and containing goblet cells for secretion of mucus.
  • villi increasing SA for absorption
  • Crypts of lieberkühn with paneth cells
  • Blood capillaires and lacteals for transporting products of digestion
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11
Q

Why are columnar epithelium cells rich in mitochondria?

A
  • for active transport of some absorbed food products
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12
Q

What does the absorption of some products involve?

A

Pinocytosis, Active transport and facilitated diffusion involving protein carriers. Glucose and amino acids absorbed

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13
Q

How are lipids are transported out of the villi?

A

By lacteals which are part of the lymphatic system

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14
Q

Role of goblet cells?

A

Secrete slimy mucus which lubricates lining of alimentary canal, facilitating movement of food and protects actions of digestive enzymes of epithelial cells

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15
Q

Role of capillaries in the villi?

A
  • Transporting amino acids and monosaccharides out of the villi, hepatic portal vein
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16
Q

what are crypts of lieberkühn?

A

Intestinal glands embedded in tissue between villi.

17
Q

role of columnar epithelium..

A

Free surfaces have microvilli, brush border. Digestive enzyme bound to membrane of microvilli, provides huge SA. Numerous mitochondria.

18
Q

role of goblet cells?

A
  • Secretes slimy mucus. Protects epithelium from action of digestion enzymes and lubricates lining as solid material pushes along
19
Q

Role of Villi? (in mucosa)

A

Finger like projections increase SA for absorption of products of digestion. Contains blood capillaries, where monosaccharides and amino acids absorbed. and lacteals into which fats absorb

20
Q

Role Of crypts of lieberkühn? (mucosa)

A

Intestinal glands at bases of villi. Cells at side secrete mucus. Stem cells lining bottom are continuously dividing. Paneth cells present at base of crypts to defend actively dividing cells against microbes in small intestine

21
Q

Role of Muscularis muscoa?

A

Muscle fibres contract to cause movement of the villi, improving contact with products of digestion

22
Q

Role of submucosa?

A

Contains blood vessels including venu les if hepatic portal vein and lymphatic vessels supported by connective tissue

23
Q

How do coordinated contraction of circular muscle push food along gut?

A

Peristalsis

24
Q

Role of serosa?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue sèrves to protect and support the gut

25
Q

Role of xylem vessels?

A

Supply leaf with water and inorganic ions

26
Q

Role if phloem sieve tubes?

A

Transport sucrose away from the leaf

27
Q

Mesophytic leaf?

A

Adapted to living in conditions with normal water availability

28
Q

Xérophytic leaf?

A

Adapted to living in conditions where water is scarce

29
Q

Hydrophytic leaf?

A

Adapted to living on or in water

30
Q

What is the vast SA of the ileum provided by?

A
  • Folds in inner surface of intestinal wall
  • Projections called villi
  • Microvilli on the cell surface membranes of columnar epithelial cells that line villi

Biology (6 decks)

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