tissues and organs

Question 1

what are the benefits of animal research?

Answer 1

• animal studies have been central to almost every medical breakthrough in the last decade
• animals share lots of homology with humans at the molecular and organ level
• they enable the use of drugs to enhance patient survival

Question 2

what are the cons to animal research?

Answer 2

• animlas have a varying similarity to humans so sometimes the way a drug works in an animal is diffrent to the way it works in a human
• animal strains are genetically identical so there could be implications for the drug and immune systems
• animal outcomes cannot guarantee the outcome in humans

Question 3

what are the 3 Rs?

and how do they improve animal studies?

Answer 3

refinement-finding ways of making animals lives better in the lab
replacement- using non-animal alternatives wherever you can
reduction- using as few animals as possible

Question 4

ways to apply the 3Rs in experiments?

Answer 4

• group housing(so they dont get depressed)
• always wiegh at the start(so you can see if theyre healthy, if theyre not then dont use that animal)
• body conditioning scoring (also to see if theyre healthy)
• aseptic workshops(so theres little risk of the animals getting indected)
• wet mash/baby food (so they can eat)
• IVIS( allows tumor growth to be measured without mice having to die first)

Question 5

what are the stages of drug development?

Answer 5

1. computer modeling
2. in vitro studies
3. exploratory development

Question 6

what should you take into account when designing an experiment?

Answer 6

• make sure its as simple as possible to minimise mistakes
• non-comlicated statisics
• small pilot studies to ensure the experiment is logistically efficient and a preliminary indication of the likely results
• experiments shouldnt be modified while the experiment is in progress

Question 7

how can you minmise bias in experiments?

Answer 7

• random allocation
• random order
• blinded

Question 8

what is power analysis?

Answer 8

its a method for comparing two groups. examples

Question 9

what is the name of the case covering the heart?

Answer 9

the paricardium

Question 10

what is the smaller side of the heart?

Answer 10

the right hand side

Question 11

what is the name of the blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

Answer 11

ductus arteriorosis

Question 12

why do we have the ductous arteriorosis?

Answer 12

its non-functional in adults and closes over soon after birth, it bypasses the lungs so that blood can be pumped around the body of the fetus

Question 13

whats another word for ventricles?

Answer 13

oricles

Question 14

What’s the difference between an artery and a vein?

Answer 14

an artery goes away from the heart and a vein carries blood towards the heart

Question 15

what are the two exceptions to veins carrying deoxygenated blood and arteries carrying oxygenated blood?

Answer 15

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

Question 16

what is the purpose of the blood vessels around the heart?

Answer 16

they supply the heart with blood for the heart to function

Question 17

what is the name of the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood?

Answer 17

coronary artery

Question 18

what is the muscular moderator band? And what does it do?

Answer 18

its a band that prevents the ventricle from stretching out too far

Question 19

what is the name of the right valve?

Answer 19

bicuspid valve

Question 20

What’s the function of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 20

it stops the blood supply from going into the pulmonary artery

Question 21

whats the name of the valve that is connected at the point at which the pulmonary artery and aorta leave the ventricles?

Answer 21

the semilunar valve

Question 22

What’s the piece of muscle that separates the left-hand side to the right-hand side of the heart?

Answer 22

the septum

Question 23

what is the name of the muscles that pull on the attachments to the valve?

Answer 23

the papillary muscles

Question 24

where does the innominate artery go?

Answer 24

it supplies blood to the right arm and the neck

Question 25

where does the aorta supply blood to?

Answer 25

it takes blood to the rest of your body from the heart

Question 26

what is the name of the windpipe?

Answer 26

the trachea

Question 27

what is the trachea made up of?

Answer 27

incomplete rings of cartilige

Question 28

whats the structure at the top of the trachea that stops food going down?

Answer 28

the eppiglottis

Question 29

what type of cells line the alvioli?

Answer 29

epithelial cells that overlay the interthelial cells (the ones that line blood vessles)