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Human Physiology > Tissues and Membranes > Flashcards

Tissues and Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of specialised cells, and cells products, that perform a relatively limited number of functions

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial

A

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and forms glands

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4
Q

Connective

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports materials and stores energy

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5
Q

Muscle

A

Contracts for active movement

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6
Q

Neural

A

Carries information via electrical impulses

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7
Q

Epithelial Tissue: Characteristics

A
  • Made of cells
  • Apical and basal layers
  • Attachment: Basal lamina
  • Avascular
  • Can regenerate
  • Polarity: differences between exposed (apical) and attached (basal) surface
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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue (Functions)

A

Provide physical protection: protect exposed and internal surfaces from physical, chemical and biological elements
Control permeability: any substance entering or leaving the body must cross epithelium; level of permeability dependent on function and location within the body
Provide sensation: large sensory nerve supply which provide information about internal and external environments
Produced specialised secretions: Gland cells: discharge secretions onto the surface of epithelium or into surrounding interstitial fluid

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9
Q

Classification of epithelial Tissue

A
  • Cell layers: simple (one layer), stratified (2 or more layers), pseudostratified (appear to have many layers but all cells are attached to basement membrane)
  • Cell shape: squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (cubes), columnar (tall and thin), transitional (change shape from flat to cuboidal)
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10
Q

Simple squamous

A
  • Reduces friction, performs absorption and secretion

- Location: blood vessels, portions of kidney tubules (nephron loops)

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A
  • Limited protection, secretion, absorption

- Location: glands, ducts, thyroid gland

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12
Q

Simple columnar

A
  • Protection, secretion, absorption

- Location: lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder

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13
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • Protection, secretion

- Location: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

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14
Q

Stratified Squamous

A
  • Protection

- Location: skin, mouth

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15
Q

Stratified cuboidal (relatively rare)

A
  • Protection

- Location: Glands

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16
Q

Stratified columnar (relatively rare)

A
  • Protection, secretion

- Location: Urethra

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17
Q

Transitional

A
  • Permits expansion and recoil after stretching

- Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis

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18
Q

Intercellular Connections: Tight junction

A
  • Formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes
  • Prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells
  • Adhesion belt lies deep to tight junction: tied to microfilaments of the terminal web
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19
Q

Intercellular Connections: Gap junction

A

Permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells

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20
Q

Intercellular Connections: Desmosome

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing plasma membranes. Resist stretching and twisting

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21
Q

Intercellular Connections: Desmosome: Spot Desmosomes

A
  • Small discs connected to bands of intermediate filaments

- Function to stabilise shape of cell

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22
Q

Intercellular Connections: Desmosome: Hemidesmosomes

A
  • Rather than attaching one cell to another, attaches a cell to extracellular filaments in the basement membrane
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23
Q

Attachment to Basement Membrane

A

The inner surface of each epithelium is connected to a two-part basement membrane consisting of a clear layer and a dense layer

24
Q

Epithelium Maintenance and Repair

A

Divisions by germinative cells continually replace the short-lived epithelial cells

25
Q

Glands: Specialised epithelia: Endocrine

A

Release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid which then diffuse into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate metabolic and physiological process to maintain homeostasis.

26
Q

Glands: Specialised epithelia: Exocrine

A

Release exocrine secretions into ducts which then empty onto the surface of covering and lining epithelium. Secretions include mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva

27
Q

Types of Secretions

A
  • Serous glands: secretes watery solution containing enzymes
  • Mucous glands: secretes mucin (creating mucus)
  • Mixed exocrine glands: combination of serous and mucous glands
28
Q

Modes of Secretion

A
  • Merocrine secretion: released from apical surface by exocytosis e.g. salivary gland
  • Apocrine secretion: apical portion of cell breaks off and cell repairs e.g. mammary gland
  • Holocrine secretion: cell ruptures; cell replaced e.g. sebaceous gland
29
Q

Connective tissue (characteristics)

A
  • Connect epithelium to the rest of the body (basal lamina)
  • Provide structure (bone)
  • Store energy (fat)
  • Transport materials (blood)
  • No contact with environment
30
Q

Connective Tissue (functions)

A
  • Connection: binds together, supports and surrounds other tissues
  • Framework: establishes a structural framework for the body
  • Protection: Protects and insulates internal organs
  • Transportation: transports fluids and dissolved materials
  • Storage: primary location of stored energy reserves
  • Immune response: defends from invading microorganisms
31
Q

Classification of CT: Connective Tissue Proper: Loose CT

A
  • Areolar Tissue: Loose open framework of collagen, elastic and reticular fibres, can distort, nerves, blood vessels
  • Adipose Tissue: Composed of adipocytes, provides padding and insulation, energy reserve, kidneys, beneath skin
  • Reticular Tissue: Reticular fibres form 3D framework, provides support, liver, kidney, spleen
32
Q

Classification of CT: Connective Tissue Proper: Dense CT

A
  • Dense regular CT: collagen fibres arranged in parallel bundles, withstands pulling along the axis of fibres. e.g. tendons and ligaments
  • Dense irregular CT: Interwoven, randomly arranged collagen fibres, strengthens and supports in multiple directions. e.g. fascia, around muscles and organs
  • Elastic Tissue: Predominantly elastic fibres, allows tissue to tolerate cycles of expansion and recoil. e.g. spinal column between vertebrae
33
Q

Classification of CT: Connective Tissue Proper: Fluid CT (transportation and immune response)

A
  • Blood: Plasma-with suspended proteins, blood cells, fragments of cells
  • Lymph: Watery matrix - fewer proteins than blood, leukocytes, maintain homeostasis
34
Q

Classification of CT: Connective Tissue Proper: Supportive CT (framework) - cartilage

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage: collagen fibres, not in large bundles, stiff but flexible support. e.g. between ribs, bronchi
  • Elastic cartilage: contains numerous elastic fibres, tolerates distortion without damage, returns to original shape. e.g. ear
  • Fibrocartilage: densely woven collagen fibres, little ground substance, combination of strength and rigidity, strongest cartilage. e.g. knee joint
35
Q

Classification of CT: Connective Tissue Proper: Supportive CT (framework) - bone

A
  • small volume of ground substance
  • Matrix dominated by calcium salts, with the remainder mainly collagen fibres
  • strong, flexible and resistant to shattering
  • blood vessels branch through matrix
36
Q

Neural tissue

A

Neuron: transmit electrical impulses
Neuroglia: support, repair tissue

37
Q

Cell body

A

‘life support’

38
Q

Axon

A

carries messages

39
Q

dendrites

A

collect signals from other cells to go back to soma

40
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal (face expression attached to bones): multinucleated, striated, voluntary
  • Cardiac (heart): mononucleated, striated, involuntary
  • Smooth (blood vessels): mononucleated, non-striated, voluntary
41
Q

Membranes: Mucous

A
  • Lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior
  • Kept moist to reduce friction, either by mucous or other fluids
  • e.g. Lungs
42
Q

Membranes: Serous

A
  • Lines internal body cavities

- Serous fluid allows organs to glide over each other easily

43
Q

Membranes: Cutaneous

A
  • Covers body surfaces
  • Thick and dry, protects underlying tissue
  • e.g. skin
44
Q

Membranes: Synovial

A
  • Lines joint cavities
  • Synovial fluid, lubricates cartilage
  • Does not have true epithelium
45
Q

Layers of Connective Tissue: Superficial Fascia

A
  • Between skin and underlying organs
  • Areolar tissue and adipose tissue
  • Also known as subcutaneous layer of hypodermis
46
Q

Layers of Connective Tissue: Deep Fascia

A
  • Bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments
  • Dense CT
  • forms a strong, fibrous internal framework
47
Q

Layers of Connective Tissue: Subserous Fascia

A
  • Between serous membranes and deep fascia

- Areolar tissue

48
Q

CT proper cell population: fibroblasts

A
  • secrete hyaluronan and proteins that interact to form proteoglycans that make the ground substances viscous: also secretes protein subunits that form extracellular fibres
49
Q

CT proper cell population: Fibrocytes

A

Maintain connective tissue proper fibres

50
Q

CT proper cell population: Adipocytes

A

Fat cells, store energy

51
Q

CT proper cell population: Mesenchymal cells

A

Stem cells, divide to form stem cells that differentiate

52
Q

CT proper cell population: Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells; engulf damaged cells or pathogens

53
Q

CT proper cell population: Mast cells

A

Release histamine and heparin in inflammation

54
Q

CT proper cell population: Lymphocytes

A

White blood cell, part of immune response

55
Q

CT proper cell population: Microphages

A

Phagocytic blood cells; assist macrophages and mast cells in injury or infection

56
Q

CT proper cell population: Melanocytes

A

Stores pigment (melanin)

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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