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Cell Biology Lab > Tissues and Cells > Flashcards

Tissues and Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues and their function; cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

What is the study of cells?

A

Cytology

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3
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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4
Q

What is the study of organs?

A

Organology

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5
Q

Which are the four basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle and nervous tissue

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6
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Connections of similar cells and the intercellular substances around them

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7
Q

What is epithelia?

A

Continuous layers of cells with little intercellular space which line surfaces and form glands

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8
Q

Types of simple epithelium;

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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9
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Very thin and flat. It forms the peritoneal lining and the inner lining of all vascular elements

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10
Q

Examples of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Mesothelium (small intestine)
Endothelium (artery, vein and nerve)
Lung alveoli
Bowman’s capsule (kidney)

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11
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Lines small tubules and follicles. The cells are about equal in hight and width with a visible central nucleus.

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12
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining the collecting tubules of kidneys and in some of the ducts in some exocrine glands.

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13
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

These cells are taller than they are wide and the height varies

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14
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

In organs adapted for absorption and secretion. Throughout the lining of the gut, uterine tubes, large ducts of the exocrine glands, small intestine and colon.

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15
Q

Cells in the duodenum

A

Simple columnar cells which are covering the villi

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16
Q

Striated cells

A

Simple columnar. They possess microvilli on their surface, found in the duodenum

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17
Q

Goblet cells

A

Simple columnar. They are adapted for mucous secretion, found in the duodenum and respiratory tract

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18
Q

Pseudo Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Contains columnar and basal cells and give the appearance that it is layered. All cells are attached to the basement membrane, but not all extend to the lumen.

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19
Q

Where are pseudo stratified columnar epithelia found?

A

Lining the upper respiratory tract (ciliated and with goblet cells), trachea, epididymis, testis, ductus deferens and portions of the urethra.

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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Thick epithelium found where protection is needed. In the skin, it is rounded with progressive flattening of the cells toward the free surface. There is also non keratinized stratified squamous epithelia.

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21
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelia found

A

In the skin, linings of the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal and vagina.

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22
Q

Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar Epithelium

A

Rare types, found lining large ducts

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23
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia found?

A

Pharynx (sublingual gland), palpebral conjunctiva and the urinary passages (urethra)

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24
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Unusual type of epithelium found in organs which undergo distention and therefore become thicker and thinner.

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25
Q

Where are transitional epithelia found?

A

Lining the urinary tract from the renal calyces through to a portion of the urethra and the urinary bladder (best example)

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26
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase the surface area and re for absorption, found in the duodenum

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27
Q

Cilia

A

Are whip like structures that beat and move substances along the surfaces of their cells, found the trachea.

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28
Q

Sterocilia

A

Seen in the epididymis, they are giant microvilli

29
Q

Function of single layered epithelia

A

Secretion, absorption, reabsorption and filter. Hight correlates with each function.

30
Q

Function of pseudo stratified ciliated cells

A

Transporting mucus and particulate matter along their surface.

31
Q

Location of unicellular goblet cell

A

Small intestine, colon

32
Q

Location of simple tubular cell

A

Colon

33
Q

Location of compound acinar cell

A

Pancreas

34
Q

Location of endocrine cells

A

Suprarenal

35
Q

Connective tissue

A

Cells embedded in intercellular substances; the matrix is typically abundant and the cels less so.

36
Q

Types of general connective tissue

A

Loose and fibrous

37
Q

Types of special connective tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone
Hemopoietic tissue
Blood

38
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline (Spaced out chondrocytes)
Elastic (Lots of collagen fibers visible)
Fibrous (Compact chondrocytes and elastic fibers)
They are distinguished by the amount of protein fibers it contains

39
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme
Adipose
Alveolar
Dense

40
Q

General connective tissues

A

Divided into loose or fibrous depending on the matrix. If the protein fibers (collagen or elastic) are sparse, they it is considered loose, if the fibers are densely packed, it is considered fibrous.

41
Q

Special connective tissues

A
  1. Cartilage and 2. bones which form the skeleton and provide a rigid framework to which all other tissues/organs attach. 3. Blood is fluid connective tissue. 4. Blood stem cells, hematopoietic tissue and bone marrow.
42
Q

Cartilage components

A

Proteoglycans and protein fibrils. It is anural and avascular

43
Q

Two types of protein fibrils

A

Collagen and elastin. Found int he ligaments of the vertebral column and in elastic cartilage

44
Q

Collagen

A

Common, is relatively flexible but with limited reversible extensibility

45
Q

Elastin fibers

A

less common, but stretch easily with almost perfect recoil

46
Q

Proteoglycans

A

carbohydrate polymers lined to core proteins and can bind to water. Important for the rapid diffusion of water soluble molecules and cells

47
Q

Cartilage production

A

Produced by chondrocytes

48
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

In small cartilage cavities called lacunae

49
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Fibrocellular layer surrounding the cartilage which contains the proliferative cartilage stem cells

50
Q

Most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, found in bronchi, trachea and articular cartilages

51
Q

Fibro cartilage

A

Has abundant, densely interwoven collage fibrils with correspondingly less ground substance.

52
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Contains numerous elastin fibers, it associated with vibrational functions.

53
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

In sound wave production and collection. Pinna, smaller laryngeal cartilages, nasal septum and epiglottis

54
Q

Where is fibro cartilage found?

A

Areas subject to compressive loading (intervertebral discs), articular menisci and sutures

55
Q

Three types of muscle cells

A

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal

56
Q

Function of muscle cells

A

Contraction and all work on ATP powered sliding filaments

57
Q

Where are smooth muscle cells found

A

In the viscera of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems, blood vessels, hair follicles

58
Q

Function of smooth muscle cells

A

Occur in sheets and isolated cells.
Are under involuntary control of the autonomic NS.
Keep air, food, waste and blood moving.

59
Q

Histological characteristics of smooth muscle cells

A

elongated fibers, spindle shaped cells with a single, centrally located nucleus.

60
Q

Physiological characteristics of smooth muscle cells

A

Produce slow and sustained levels of tension.
Resistant to fatigue.
Electrically coupled to one another (gap junctions)
Spread action potential

61
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Single, branching cells (cardiocytes) arranged in meshwork, which can resist high pressure without tearing

62
Q

Histological characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Sarcoplasm is striated due to arrangement of contractile proteins into sarcomeres.
Joined to via intercalated discs which provide strong mechanical adhesion and are the site of electrical coupling (gap junction)

63
Q

Histological characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

Produce rapid and forceful levels of tension.

They are resistant to fatigue.

64
Q

What are the two types of nervous cells?

A

Neurons and neuroglia (or glia)

65
Q

Neurons

A

Cells specialized for conducting and transmitting electrochemically medicated information

66
Q

Neuroglia or glia

A

Cells which support those engaging neural activity

67
Q

What are the 3 basic components of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory input which translate stimuli into electrical signals
  2. Integration which decides what to do with the info
  3. Motor components which directs responses to effector organs
68
Q

Central nervous system

A

CNS: consisting of the brain and spinal cord and derived from the neural tube

69
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

PNS: All the nerves that emanate from the CNS and the peripheral ganglia and the nerves originating from them

Cell Biology Lab (1 decks)

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