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MD2001 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What best describes embryonic stem cells?

A

Pluripotent.

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2
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells.

2. Adult stem cells.

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3
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelia.
  2. Nervous.
  3. Muscle.
  4. Connective.
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

A
  1. Separates the epithelial tissue with the underlying tissue.
  2. Anchors epithelial cells by having proteins which links to the surface of these cells.
  3. Contains filamentous proteins for strength.
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5
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

PESS

  1. Protection of deeper tissues.
  2. Exchange of chemicals between underlying body cavity.
  3. Secretion of hormones.
  4. Sensation.
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6
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Tumour which develops from epithelial tissue.

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7
Q

What happens in cystic fibrosis?

A

Defective epithelial chloride ion transport.

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8
Q

What happens in cholera?

A

Increased activity of epithelial chloride ion transport in GI.

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9
Q

Where in the body would you find:

  1. Simple squamous
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Simple cuboidal
  4. Stratified cuboidal
  5. Simple columnar
  6. Pseudostratified columnar
  7. Transitional
A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Skin.
  3. Kidney tubule
  4. Reproductive system
  5. GI tract
  6. Respiratory system.
  7. Bladder.
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10
Q

What is special about transitional epithelia?

A

Can contract and expand due to distension.

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11
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Shedding of outermost layer of skin, replaced by basal cells which rapidly divide by mitosis.

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12
Q

Three cell types in Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A
  1. Columnar cells.
  2. Goblet cells.
  3. Basal cells.
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13
Q

Four types of cell junctions?

A
  1. Gap junction.
  2. Tight junction.
  3. Adhering junction.
  4. Desmosome.
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14
Q

How are gap junctions formed?

A
  1. 6 connexin molecules form a connexon.

2. Alignment of connexon molecules from opposing cells, forming a channel.

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15
Q

How are tight junctions formed?

A
  1. Membrane proteins claudin and occluding.

2. Interact with actin.

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16
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

BFG

  1. Barriers - separating different compartments.
  2. Fences - maintain asymmetric distribution of lipids and proteins in the apical and basal membrane.
  3. gates - allows some molecules to flow more easily than others.
17
Q

How are adherent junctions formed?

A
  1. Cadherin molecules bind to each other on adjacent plasma membranes of cells.
  2. Catenins bind to actin in cytoskeleton.
18
Q

How are desmosomes formed?

A
  1. Cadherin molecules bind to each other on adjacent plasma membranes of cells.
  2. Catenins bind to intermediate filaments.
19
Q

Two types of cell - matrix junctions?

A
  1. Hemidesmosomes.

2. Focal adhesions.

20
Q

How are hemidesmosomes formed?

A
  1. Integrin bind to keratin in the cytoskeleton.

2. Integrin bind to laminin in extracellular matrix.

21
Q

How are focal adhesions formed?

A
  1. Integrin binds to alpha actinic in cytoskeleton.

2. Integrin binds to laminin in extracellular matrix.

22
Q

Glial cells in CNS?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes.
  2. Astrocytes.
  3. Microglia.
  4. Ependyma
23
Q

What are the functions of glial cells in CNS?

A
  1. Myelination.
  2. Metabolic and mechanical support and detoxification.
  3. Macrophages.
  4. Producing CSF and lining cells of CNS, acting as a reservoir for neuro-regeneration.
24
Q

Glial cells in PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells.

2. Satellite cells.

25
Q

What are the functions of glial cells in PNS?

A
  1. Myelination

2. Metabolic and mechanical support to cells in ganglia.

26
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs?

A
  1. Allow ionic connections.

2. Muscle cells to work together.

27
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Fibrocollagenous tissue.
  2. Cartilage.
  3. Bone.
  4. Teeth.
  5. Adipose tissue.
  6. Blood.
28
Q

Types of cartilage?

A
  1. Elastic.
  2. Hyaline.
  3. Fibrocartilage.
29
Q

What substance is responsible for slippery surface on hyaline cartilage?

A

Proteoglycan-4.

30
Q

Functions of white fat?

A

EIP

  1. Energy storage.
  2. Insulation.
  3. Protection.
31
Q

Function of brown fat?

A

Heat production by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.

32
Q

What is the purpose of leptin?

A

Signals to the brain that the body has had enough to eat.

MD2001 (10 decks)

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