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Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Types of primary tissue

A

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

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2
Q

Squamous epithelial cell

A

Width > height, irregular shape, central nucleus

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3
Q

Cuboidal epithelial cell

A

width = height, isodiametric, central nucleus

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4
Q

Columnar epithelial cell

A

Height > width, basal nucleus

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5
Q

Simple epithelial cell

A

1 cell layer thick, all contact BM, selective diffusion, absorption, secretion

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6
Q

Stratified epithelial cell

A

Multiple cell layers, only base contacts BM, protective surfaces, named by apical surface cells, but more than one shape

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7
Q

Pseudostatified epithelial cell

A

Only 1 cell , appears multilayer, all BM contact, not all contact lumen, larger airways or respiratory tract

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8
Q

Presence of surface extensions on epithelial cells

A

Ciliated, microvilli

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9
Q

Properties of surface layer

A

Keratinised (no nuclei), non-keratinised

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10
Q

Exchange epithelia

A

Simple squamous, very thin, flattened, allow gas exchange e.g. endothelial cells

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11
Q

Transporting epithelia

A

Selective exchange of non gases, digestives, kidney, columnar/cuboidal, thick simple, microvilli on apical, tight junctions, numerous mitochondria

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12
Q

Ciliated epithelia

A

Non-transporting, move fluid and particles, respiratory system

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13
Q

Protective epithelia

A

Stratified, all shapes, epidermis, oesophagus

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14
Q

Secretory epithelia

A

Produce substances –> EC space, isolated/groups i.e. gland. Exocrine cells contain a duct - serous secretions or mucous secretions. Endocrine is ductless and secretes hormones - pancreas and thyroid

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15
Q

Cilia

A

Extension of cytoskeleton, core of microtubules, can move and can move substances over surface e.g. respiratory tract. Microtubules within ciliary membrane - transition fibres basal body

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16
Q

Microvilli

A

v small (700nm), Highly absorptive cells in SI and kidney tubules - increase in SA. Shape maintained by actin filaments. Do not move.

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17
Q

Basolateral folds

A

Deep invaginations of lateral surface of cell, ion transport, inc SA, mitochondria, renal tubule cells

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18
Q

Intercellular junctions

A

Selective maintain seal between EC

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19
Q

Tight junctions

A

Attaches cells to each other via cytoskeleton - structural strength

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20
Q

Adherens junctions and desomsomes

A

allow cell to cell communications via substances - gap junctions

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21
Q

Connexins

A

Pore opening regulation

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22
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

structural strength by linking epithelium to underlying BM

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23
Q

Functions of basal lamina

A

Structural attachment
Compartmentalisation - isolates epithelia, muscle and nerves from connective tissue
Filtration - selective movement to and from CT
Tissue scaffold - repair after damage and guides to new locations
Signalling - regulation of EC behaviour

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24
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Secretory cells organised into groups –> large organ

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25
Q

Exocrine

A

Product secreted by a duct, simple glands = simple cuts, compound glands = branched gut

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26
Q

Endocrine

A

Ductless, secreted directly into bloodstream - hormones

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27
Q

Exocrine secretory mechanisms

A

Merocrine - membrane bound vesicles containing product fuse with plasma membrane (exocytosis)
Apocrine - release of product in membrane bound vesicles, surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane
Holocrine - whole cell containing product undergoes programmed death and is shed

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28
Q

Endocrine secretory mechanism

A

Exocytosis of product from cell diffuses into bloodstream

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29
Q

Secretory products

A

Proteins, mucus, steroids

30
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

Connects, supports, anchors, physical barrier - blood, cartilage and bone

31
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Loose CT - no fibres, many cells
Dense, irregular CT - muscle, nerve sheets
Dense, regular CT - packed with collages, tendons, ligaments
Mobile (defence) and fixed (maintenance, repair, energy store)

32
Q

Fibronectin

A

Multifunctional glycoprotein - mediates adhesion between a wide range of cells and ECM components

33
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make collagen (stretch)

34
Q

Classification of CT

A

CT proper - loose, dense

Specialised CT - bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, haematopoetic, lymphatic

35
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

Collagen fibres, little ECM, strength, collagen irregular bundles, specific types - intestinal submucosa, reticular or deep later of dermis

36
Q

Dense regular CT

A

Main constituent of ligaments, tendons and aponeuroses

37
Q

Tendons

A

Parallel bundles collagen fibres with fibroblast rows in between collagen I - lack elastic fibres, tendinocytes secrete ECM mechanically isolating from load bearing collagen fibrils, tendon as a whole surrounded by CT capsule, often extends to tendon –> subsections, outer capsule collagen fibres less regularly orientated - epilendinium, CT petitioning tendon contains nerves and blow vessels - endotendinium.

38
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments and fibroblasts in parallel - less regularly orientated than in tendons, mostly collagen, nervous = elastic fibres

39
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Collagen fibres in layer - 90 degrees yo each other

40
Q

Collagen fibres and fibrils

A

Most abundant fibre type, flexible, high tensile strength, over 20 types, diameter varies, 300nm dense regular CT/ tendons, individual fibres straight, overlapping network

41
Q

Reticular fibrils

A

Collagen III (younger), 20nm wide, branched, boundary CT/epithelium, around adipocytes (fat cells), small blood vessels, nerves and mulches, supporting stroma of haematopoeitci and lymphoid tissues, not thymus. Tissue immaturity - embryonic, initial stages wound healing and scar formation. Quick strength, replace eventually stronger the I collagen.

42
Q

Where is collagen produced?

A

Fibroblasts, Schwann cells in endoneurium of peripheral nerves and smooth muscle cells

43
Q

Elastin fibres

A

Thinner than collagen and coiled, covalent links to other elastin - 3D mesh interwoven with collage to prevent tearing.

44
Q

Where are elastin fibres produced?

A

Fibroblasts, SM, central core surrounded by fibrillar

45
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Different proportions of ECM components secreted by tissues - properties, mechanical and structural support. Tensile strength, biochemical barrier, regulates activity of cellular component - anchors, cellular migration pathways

46
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Glycosaminoglycans - unbranched large polysaccharides, negative charge, attract water. Covalent link to core protein.

47
Q

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A

Bind to cell surface proteins and ECM components, bind multiple surfaces

48
Q

Cellular components of CT

A

Fibroblasts
Myofibroblacts - secrete fibres, ECM and ma have contractile functions
Chondrocytes secrete cartilage ECM
Osteoblasts secrete bone ECM
Adipocytes - lipid storing cells
Resident cells of immune system (macrophages, mast cells and lymphocytes)

49
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection - UV, chess, microbes
Sensation - temp, pressure, touch
Thermoregulation
Metabolic

50
Q

Epidermis

A

In contact with external, down-growths - epidermal appendages - hairs, keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells, separated from dermis by DM

51
Q

Cell layers of epidermis

A

Cornified layer - dead, seal, nothing through
Granular layer
Spinous layer
Basal layer - cell free

52
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Main cell type in epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium. Contain keratin intermediate filaments.

53
Q

Basal keratinocytes

A

Production of keratinocytes, cuboidal/low columnar, mitosis - stem cells bound to BM by hemidesmososmes, bound to each other by desmosomes

54
Q

Keratinocytes in spinous layer

A

No mitosis, tightly bound, dark staining, change in gene expression pattern

55
Q

Keratinocytes in granular layer

A

Flat, no nucleus or other organelles,cells secrete lipids and change cell membrane composition, produce surface keratins

56
Q

Keratinocytes in cornified layer

A

Tightly packed, flattened, dead reaimsin of cells. Cornified envelope - cross-linked protein layer under membrane of cornfield cells.

57
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin, basal layer bound to BM, derived from neuroectoderm, relatively constant numbers, activity genetically variable, pale staining.
Melanoprotein complexes pass through processes –> keratinocytes - on top of nuclei to protect.

58
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Recognise antigen and present to T cells - all layers, mainly spinous, cytoplasmic processes extending between cells, pale staining

59
Q

Merkel cells

A

Specialised epithelia - sensory receptors to light touch - basal layer. Synaptic junctions with peripheral nerve endings

60
Q

Dermis

A

Layer of supporting tissue on which epidermis sits, nerves, blood vessels, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, ECM - collagen, elastic fibres. Thin and vertical

61
Q

Layers of dermis

A

Papillary dermis - less collagen and elastic fibres, more glycogen, small caps. Thin and vertical.
Reticular dermis - dense collagen and thick elastic fibres, major blood vessels and lymphatics - darker stain. Thick and horizontal .

62
Q

Hypodermis or subcutis

A

Deepest skin layer - adipose and collagen fibres, come epidermal appendages, major blood supply and nerves, insulator, shock absorber and food store

63
Q

Hair follicles

A

Tubular structure - hair follicle, shaft, arrestor pili musacee and sebaceous gland. Differ in places - head = 2 year turn over, body hair = short growing phase.

64
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Outgrowth from external root sheath, branched acinar gland, produces sebum - lipids and complex waxes - coats hair and skin, holocrine secretion - cells die and release contents into duct, arrestor pili muscle aids expelling secretion

65
Q

Eccrine or merocrine sweat glands

A

All over body - large chilled tubular gland with duct - surface secretes clear hypotonic water liquid, slightly acidic, rich sodium, potassium, urea and cl. Regulates body temp, controlled autonmic

66
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Genetalia, anus, armpits, hair follicle rich areas. Large coiled tubular gland with large lumen and duct –> surface or into hair follicle. Milky viscous oily liquid, microbial activity –> strong odour, mark territory, sexual attraction

67
Q

Free nerve endings

A

In epidermis - pain, itch, temp, non/myelinated

68
Q

Merkels discs

A

Epidermis - touch

69
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Lower dermis - pressure, vibration, encapsulated nerve endings

70
Q

Meissners corpuscle

A

upper dermis - touch, encapsulated nerve endings, spirally arranges, hands and feet

71
Q

Organ of Ruffni

A

Dermis - mechanoreceptor - encapsulated nerve endings, thin walled fluid filled capsule, fine nerve branches, collagen fibres pass through

Physiology (9 decks)

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