Tissues Flashcards
provide the numerous functions of organs necessary to maintain biological life.
Tissues
are the smallest units of life.
cells
organisms, cells group together with one another
based on similar structure and function to form ______
tissues.
lines and covers surfaces
Epithelium
protect, support, and bind together
Connective tissue
produces movement
Muscular tissue
receive stimuli and conduct impulses
Nervous tissue
forms the coverings of surfaces of the body. As such, it serves many purposes, including protection,
adsorption, excretion, secretion, filtration, and sensory reception.
Epithelium
Epithelium is arranged so there is one free surface (________) and one attached surface (________)
apical surface ; basal
surface
Cells are found in a single layer
attached to the basement membrane
Simple
Characteristics of epithelium
- Polarity
- Cellularity
- Avascularity
- Regeneration
Cells are found in 2 or more layers stacked atop each other
Stratified
a single layer of cells that appears to be multiple layers due to variance in height and location of the nuclei in the cells.
Pseudostratified
cells are rounded and can slide across one another to allow stretching
Transitional
flat, thin, scale-like cells
Squamous-
cells that have a basic cube shape. Typically the cell’s height and width
are about equal.
Cuboidal-
tall, rectangular or column-
shaped cells. Typically taller than they are wide.
Columnar-
hair-like appendages attached to the apical surface of cells that act as
sensory structures or to produce movement.
Cilia-
Latin, squama meaning?
scale
specialized cells that produce mucus to lubricate and protect the surface of an organ
Goblet cells-
finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some
organs. They help to increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient adsorption.
Villi-
smaller projections that arise from the cell’s surface that also increase surface area. Due to the bushy
appearance that they sometimes produce, they are sometimes referred to as the brush border of an organ.
Microvilli-
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium (DESCRIPTION)
Function: allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
simple squamous epithelium (FUNCTION)
The lungs contain small air sacs called_____ and these structures are composed of
a single layer of flattened cells called
alveoli ; simple
squamous epithelium.
Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei
simple cuboidal epithelium (DESCRIPTION)
Function: secretion and absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium (FUNCTION)
location: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
simple cuboidal epithelium
Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
simple columnar epithelium
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
simple columnar epithelium
Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
simple columnar epithelium
Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the moresuperficial layers.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Location: Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain goblet cells and bear cilia.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Function: Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Location: Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch.
Transitional epithelium
Function: Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.
Transitional epithelium
Location: Lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.
Transitional epithelium
Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
Loose connective tissue, AREOLAR
Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
Loose connective tissue, AREOLAR
Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs;
surrounds capillaries.
Loose connective tissue, AREOLAR
Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
Loose connective tissue, ADIPOSE
Function: Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.
Loose connective tissue, ADIPOSE
Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
Loose connective tissue, ADIPOSE
Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.
Loose connective tissue, RETICULAR
Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
Loose connective tissue, RETICULAR
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
Loose connective tissue, RETICULAR
Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE REGULAR
Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE REGULAR
Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE REGULAR
Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE IRREGULAR
Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE IRREGULAR
Location: Dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract; fibrous capsules of organs and of joints.
Dense connective tissue, DENSE IRREGULAR
Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Cartilage: hyaline
Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties;
resists compressive stress.
Cartilage: hyaline
Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Cartilage: hyaline
Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Cartilage: elastic
Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Cartilage: elastic
Location: Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis.
Cartilage: elastic
Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.
Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.
Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).
BLOOD
Function: supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Bone (osseous tissue)
Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
Bone (osseous tissue)
Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
BLOOD
Location: Contained within blood vessels.
BLOOD
is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type found in the human body.
Connective tissue
Connective tissues tend to be very ______ (have a rich blood supply).
vascular
Some exceptions, such as _____, _____, and ________, are less vascularized, but overall, connective tissues possess a great blood supply than
the epithelial tissue previously discussed.
- tendons
- ligaments
- cartilages
Connective tissues contain a large amount of non-living material referred to as the _______
matrix
matrix is composed of __________ and _________
ground
substance and fibers
four types of connective tissues found in the human body:
- Connective tissue proper
- Cartilage
- Bone (osseous tissue)
- Blood
types of connective tissue proper and its types
a. Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar
- Adipose
- Reticular
b. Dense Connective Tissue
- Dense regular
- Dense irregular
- Elastic
types of cartilage
a. Hyaline
b. Elastic
c. Fibrocartilage
The body is protected externally by one of its largest organs, the ????
the skin or integument.
While protection is the main function
of the skin, it performs main other functions, what are does?
- providing insulation
- helping with temperature regulation
- provides tactility (sense of touch)
skin is formed by three distinctive layers;
epidermis (outer layer), dermis (middle layer), and hypodermis
{subcuntaneous layer} (innermost layer).
composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Epidermis-
composed of dense irregular connective tissue
Dermis-
composed of adipose tissue
Hypodermis-
Conducts electrical impulses, processes information
nervous tissue
Transmit signals
Neuron
Support and protect neurons.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
Examples & Locations of nervous tissue
Brain & Spinal Cord – Central nervous system.
Peripheral Nerves – Conduct impulses throughout the body.
Axons: Function
- Generate and transmit action potential
- Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal terminals
- Movement along axons occurs in two ways (Anterograde &
Retrograde)
movement along axons toward the axon terminal
Anterograde
movement along axons toward the cell body
Retrograde
Classification of Neuron
(Structural)
- Multipolar
- Bipolar
- Unipolar
- Anaxonic
neuron with three or more processes
Multipolar
neuron with two processes (axon and dendrite)
Bipolar
neuron with single, short process (usually dendrite)
Unipolar
The role of
connective tissue is to
protect, support, and bind together parts of the body.
