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Animal Form And Function > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of one or more cell types which carries out specialized function/ functions

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2
Q

What are the four major types of animal tissue

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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3
Q

What is the location of epithelial tissue

A

Covers the external or internal surfaces and organs.

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4
Q

How does the epithelial tissue get its nutrients and oxygen

A

From the underneath connective tissue

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues ?

A

1) covers the external and internal free surfaces and organs

2) cells are closely packed

3) cells have both apical and basal surfaces where the apical surface is free and the basal surface is attached to the basement membrane

4) no blood vessel

5) gets nutrients and oxygen from connective tissue underneath

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6
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

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7
Q

Epithelial tissue provided protection against

A

Mechanical injury
Fluid loss
Pathogens

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8
Q

Epithelial tissues secrete

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Mucus
Sweat

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9
Q

Epithelial tissues absorb

A

Nutrients

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10
Q

What are the two general types of epithelial tissues based on the number of cell layers on the basement membrane ?

A
  1. Simple epithelia
  2. Compound epithelia
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11
Q

What are the examples for simple epithelia

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
  4. Pseudostratified
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12
Q

Examples for compound epithelia

A

Stratified squamous
Transitional

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13
Q

Features of simple squamous epithelium

A
  1. Single cell layer with plate like cells
  2. Thin and leaky
  3. Found in places where material exchange by diffusion
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14
Q

What are the examples for two places with simple squamous epithelia

A

Blood capillary
Alveoli

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15
Q

What are the features of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  1. Single cell layer with dice shaped cells
  2. Specialized for secretion
  3. Found in glands
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16
Q

Places where simple cuboidal epithelium are found

A

Kidney tubules
Thyroid glands
Salivary glands

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17
Q

Features of simple columnar epithelia

A
  1. Single cell layer with large brick shaped cells
  2. Often Found in places where secretion and absorption are important
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18
Q

Example for a place that has simple columnar epithelium

A

Intestinal lining

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19
Q

What are the features of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  1. Single cell layer
  2. Cells are not equal height
  3. Nuclei of cells are located at different levels.
  4. Cells appear to be as several layers
  5. In many vertebrates has ciliated cells that form a mucous membrane
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20
Q

Places where pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found

A

Nasal passage
Trachea

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21
Q

Features of stratified columnar epithelium

A
  1. Composed of number of cell layers
  2. Regenerate rapidly
  3. Cell division produces new cells at the basement membrane
  4. Old cells are sloughed off
  5. Found on surfaces where they are subjected to abrasion
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22
Q

Where are stratified squamous epithelium found

A

Outer skin
Lining of mouth
Anus
Vagina

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23
Q

What is the most abundant type of animal tissue

A

Connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

A

Connect organs and tissues together structurally and functionally

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25
Q

General structure of connective tissues

A

Consists of different types of cells scattered in a large amount of extracellular matrix containing different types of fibres.

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26
Q

What are the states the matrix can be in

A

Semi-solid (jelly like)
Liquid
Solid (dense and rigid)

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27
Q

What are the different types of cells found in matrix

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Mast cells
    Additionally
  4. Fat cells
  5. Leukocytes
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28
Q

What secretes fibre proteins

A

Fibronectin

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29
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Engulf foreign particles or any cell debris by phagocytosis

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30
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Secrete heparin histamine

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31
Q

Function of fat cells

A

Storage
Insulation

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32
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

Protection

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33
Q

What are the three types of fibres found in connective tussues

A
  1. Collagen fibres - strength and flexibility
  2. Reticular fibres - join connective tissue to adjacent tissue
  3. Elastic fibres - make tissue elastic
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34
Q

What are the functions for connective tissues

A

Binding and structural support
Protection
Transport of material
Insulation

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35
Q

What are the different types of connective tissues

A

Loose connective tissue - areolar tissue
Fibrous connective tissue - dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Bone

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36
Q

What is the mostly widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body

A

Areolar connective tissue

Loose connective tissue

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37
Q

What is the generalized type of connective tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue

38
Q

What are the types of cells in loose connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Mast cells
Macrophages
Leukocytes
Fat cells

39
Q

Arrangement of the three fibres in areolar connective tissue

A

Loosely arranged and wavy in nature

40
Q

Functions of areolar tissue

A

Binds epithelia and underlying tissue
Holds organs in place
Found under the skin throughout the body

41
Q

Arrangement if fibres and cells and matrix in fibrous Cn. Tissue

A

Densely packed with collagen fibres
Matrix is relatively reduced
Fewer fibrocyte cells are found

42
Q

Where are fibrous connective tissues found

A

Tendons (attach muscle to bone)
Ligaments (attach bones at joints)

Where tensile strength is required

43
Q

What is the specialized type of loose connective tissue that pads and insulated the body will

A

Adipose tissue

44
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue

A

Pads and insulates the body
Store fuel as fat molecules

Act as thermal insulator and energy store under skin

45
Q

What type of cell are found abundantly in adipose tissue

A

Adipose cells that contain a large fat droplet .

46
Q

What is the specialized connective tissue where the matrix is not secreted by the cells

A

Blood tissue

47
Q

Among the connective tissues why is the blood tissue different than the others

A

Matrix is not secreted by the blood cells
Fibres are formed only during blood clotting process

48
Q

What is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood called

A

Plasma

49
Q

What are the constituent of blood plasma

A

Salts
Water
Dissolved proteins

50
Q

What are the cells suspended within blood plasma

A

Red blood cells - transport respiratory gases
White blood cells - involve in defense
Platelets - involve in blood clotting

51
Q

Main functions of blood tissue

A

Transport of materials
Defense
Osmoregulation

52
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage composed of?

A

Chondroitin sulphate

A rubbery protein carbohydrate complex

53
Q

What are embedded in the matrix of cartilage

A

Collagen fibres and chondrocytes

54
Q

What secretes chondroitin sulphate and collagen fibres

A

Chondrocytes

55
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Provide support and flexibility in places like trachea and inter-vertebral discs

56
Q

What is the mineralised connective tissue

A

Bone

57
Q

What are the constituents of bones

A

Collagen and inorganic salts

58
Q

What are the inorganic components found in plants

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphate ions

59
Q

What are the types of cells found in bones

A

Osteoblast : bone forming cells
Osteocytes : mature bone cells

60
Q

What encloses the osteocytes

A

Lacunae

61
Q

What is the repeating unit of mammalian hard bone

A

Osteons

62
Q

Composition of osteons

A

Concentric layers of mineralised materials

63
Q

Centre of the osteon

A

Is a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

64
Q

Functions of bones

A

Forms the endoskeleton of most vertebrates
Provide support and strength to body

65
Q

What tissue is responsible for movement

A

Muscle tissue

66
Q

What proteins are present in the muscle tissue cells

A

Actin
Myosin

67
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissues

A

Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle

68
Q

What abilities of muscle tissues help it with movement

A

Ability to contract relax

69
Q

Features of smooth muscle tissue

A

Spindle shaped
Uni nucleated
Cells lack striations

70
Q

Function of smooth muscle tissue

A

Involuntary body functions like
Churning if stomach
Constriction of arteries

71
Q

Locations of smooth muscle tissues

A

Digestives tract
Urinary bladder
Arteries
Other internal organs

72
Q

Features of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Composed of bundle of long cells
Multi nucleated
Cells are striated

73
Q

What is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Sarcomers

74
Q

What gives the striated appearance to the skeletal muscle tissue

A

The arrangement of sarcomers along the muscle cells

75
Q

What is the location of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Generally attached to the skeletal system

76
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Helps mainly in voluntary body movements

77
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Uni nucleated cells
cells are interconnected via intercalated disc
cells are striated with sarcomers

78
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle tissue found

A

Only found in the wall of the heart

79
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle tissue found

A

Only found in the wall of the heart

80
Q

What is the main function of cardiac muscle tissue

A

In voluntary heart contractions

81
Q

What is the use of intercalated disc

A

They help relay signals from cell to cells and synchronise heart contractions

82
Q

What are the cells found in nervous tissue

A

Neurons
Glial cells

83
Q

What are the functions of neurons

A

Receive process and transmit nerve impulses

84
Q

What is the function of neuroglia
Glial cells

A

Support the neurons

85
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

Cell body
dendrites
Axon

86
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

87
Q

What are the parts of the neuron that receive nerve impulses from other neurons

A

Dendrites
cell body

88
Q

What is the function of axon

A

Transmit impulses to other neurons cells or muscles

89
Q

What is a bundle of axon called

A

Nerves

90
Q

What are the functions of neuroglia

A

Nourishment of nerve cells
insulation of nerve cells
replenishing neurons
sometimes modulate neuron functions

Animal Form And Function (2 decks)

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