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DSA > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue (and 2 forms)

A
  • Refers to an epithelium that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

2 forms as listed below:
- Covering and lining epithelium, which forms the outer layer of the skin, dips into and lines the open cavities of the urogenital, digestive and respiratory systems and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity.

Glandular epithelium, which surrounds the glands within the body.

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2
Q

4 characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Polarity — All epithelium has an apical surface and a lower attached basal surface that differ in structure and function.

Specialised contacts — Epithelial cells fit close together and form a continuous sheet. They do this with tight junctions and desmosomes.

Supported by connective tissue — All epithelium are supported by connective tissue. The basement membrane reinforces the epithelium and helps to resist stretching and tearing.

Avascular and innervated — The epithelium is avascular, or contains no blood vessels. It is highly innervated, or supplied by nervous fibres. Epithelium has a high ability to regenerate and can reproduce itself as long as it receives adequate nutrition.

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3
Q

Epithelial classification (5 ways)

A

Single - simple layer of cells
Stratified - two or more stacked cell layers

Squamous cells - flat and scale-like
Cuboidal cells - box like
Columnar cells - tall, column-shaped

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4
Q

A gland is one or more cells that produce and secrete a specific product. (water-based fluid that usually contains proteins) Glands are classified according to two sets of traits — where they secrete their fluids and how many cells they contain:

A

Endocrine (Internally secreting)

Exocrine (Externally secreting)

Unicellular glands
(One cell type)

Multicellular glands
(More than one cell type)

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5
Q

connective tissue functions (BPIST)

A

Binding and supporting
Protecting

Insulating
Storing reserve fuel

Transporting substances within the body

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6
Q

Ground substance

A

clear, colourless, viscous fluid that fills the space between the cells and fibres

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7
Q

Types of fibres

A

Collagen - fibrous protein that is extremely tough and provides high tensile strength

Elastic - Elastin stretches and recoil

Reticular - Reticular fibres are short, fine collagenous fibres and branch extensively to form a delicate network.

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8
Q

Cyte vs blast

A

cyte - mature cell: can maintain the health of the matrix; can revert to their active, immature state to repair and regenerate the matrix.

blast - immature cell: Actively proliferating and secreting the ground substance and the fibres characteristic to their particular matrix

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9
Q

Connective tissue (types)

A

connective tissue proper
bone
cartilage
blood

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10
Q

connective tissue proper

A

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular

Dense Connective Tissue: Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, Elastic

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11
Q

Cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Loose connective tissue (areolar) function (SDHS):

A

Supporting and binding other tissues

Defending against infection

Holding body fluids
Storing nutrients

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue (areolar) appearance:

A
  • Most widely distributed
  • Fibroblast = dominant cell type
  • Loose arrangement of fibres
  • Lots of ground substance
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14
Q

Adipose tissue (function)

A

Store Energy (Lipids)

Cushions and insulates the body

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15
Q

Adipose tissue (appearance)

A

Sparse

Closely packed adipocytes (fat cells)

Accumulates in subcutaneous tissues where it cushions and insulates the body

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16
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Limited to specific areas where it can support immune cells in the lymph nodes, spleen and bone.

Function:
Internal frameworks that can support immune cells

17
Q

Reticular connective tissue (appearance)

A

Delicate network of reticular fibres

18
Q

Hyaline cartilage
(function and appearance)

A

Function:
Provides strong support while providing pads for shock absorption.

Appearance:
Large number of collagen fibres, its matrix appears transparent or glassy

Chondrocytes

19
Q

Elastic cartilage (appearance and function)

A

Function:
Maintain the shape of the structure while allowing flexibility

Skeleton of the external ear and in the epiglottis

Appearance:
Similar to hyaline cartilage but has many more elastic fibres

Chondrocytes

20
Q

Fibrocartilage (appearance and function)

A

Function:
Compressible and resists tension.

Found in the intervertebral discs of the bony vertebrae and knee meniscus.

Appearance:
Rows of Chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibres

21
Q

Bone: functions

A

Supports and protects body structures

Stores calcium and other materials and fat

bone marrow = site for synthesising blood cells

22
Q

Bone (appearance)

A

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibres

Osteocytes, reside in the lacunae

Osteoblasts
Osteons formed of concentric rings of bony matrix (lamellae)
surrounding central canals containing blood vessels and nerves

23
Q

Blood (appearance and function)

A

Function:
Delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells

transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

Appearance:
Red and white blood cells surrounded by a non-living fluid called plasma

24
Q

Muscle cells (skeletal) function:

A

attach to bones to enable us to produce voluntary movement

Attach to move bones through contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; striated appearance

25
Q

Muscle cells (smooth) function:

A

line hollow organs to help squeeze substances through these organs.

Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei, no striations; cells arranged closely to form cells

Propels substances (food, urine) or objects along internal passageways
Involuntary

26
Q

Cardiac muscle: function

A

lines the walls of the heart to propel blood through blood vessels to other parts of the body

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that connect at specialised junctions called intercalated discs.

Found only in the myocardium, it contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat, and propel blood around the body.

27
Q

Nervous tissue (structure)

A

Primary tissue found in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system i.e. brain, spinal cord, nerves

Regulate and control body function

Made up of neurons - sense stimuli and transmit nerve impulses around body

28
Q

Neurons (components)

A

Cell Body: The central cell body contains the neuron’s nucleus and other organelles.

Nerve Processes: projections from the cell body that are able to conduct and transmit signals.

Axons - carry signals away from the cell body

Dendrites - carry signals toward the cell body

29
Q

Nervous tissue: Glial cells (functions SASRMNP)

A

Support nervous system
Astrocytes form blood brain barrier

Supply of nutrients to neurons

Removes excess neurotransmitters

Maintains electrolyte balance

Nervous system repair
Protection against microorganisms

30
Q

Tissue healing (epithelial vs nervous)

A

Epithelial tissue e.g. fingers - takes a few days to completely repair

Nervous tissue e.g. spinal cord injuries - can lead to long lasting and permanent impairments

31
Q

Tissue healing: regeneration

A

proliferation of cells and tissue. Complete restoration of lost tissue structures.

32
Q

Tissue healing: repair

A

proliferation of cells, tissue and scar formation.

Tissue structure will not be restored.

If tissue is incapable of complete restoration or is severely damaged; connective tissue is laid down causing scars , leading to structural rearrangements.

Fibrosis - connective tissue replaces normal tissue; excess connective tissue - tissue remodelling.

33
Q

Regeneration capacity

A

Regenerates extremely well. e.g. Epithelial tissue, bone, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue.

Moderate Regenerative Capacity e.g. Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

Weak Regenerative Capacity e.g. Skeletal Muscle and Cartilage

Loss of ability to divide after early development and virtually have no functional regeneration capacity - routinely replaced by scar tissue e.g. nervous tissue and cardiac muscle

DSA (10 decks)

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