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CTR > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is considered

A

A connective tissue

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2
Q

The lining of capillary tubes is one-cell layer thick example of …

A

Simple squamous epithelial

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3
Q

Collagen fibers are found in

A

*Hyaline Cartilage
Tendons
Loose connective tissue

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4
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle

A
  • control the diameter of blood vessels
    Allows peristalsis in the intestinal tube
    Helps expel the baby at birth
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5
Q

The tissue is very vascular, is constantly being remodeled, and produces red and white blood cells

A

Bone

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6
Q

This tissue is important for storing fat, it is called …… and is an example of…..

A

Adipose tissue , loose connective tissue

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7
Q

Which of this tissues is the least vascular

A

Cartilage

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8
Q

Carcinomas describe cancers of

A

Epithelial tissue

Mainly because it has a major exposition to chemicals, radiation and UV rays

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9
Q

What determines the function in epithelial tissue

A

Cells determine the function, not extracellular matrix

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of epithelial cells

A
  • All epithelial cells lie on the basement membrane, and blood vessels and nerves do not penetrate the basemen membrane
  • By definition , epithelial cells line surfaces of the body, inside an out .
  • Glandular tissue arises from precursor epithelial cells.
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11
Q

Most tissues of the body are held together by ……… connective

A

Loose or areolar connective tissue

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12
Q

Which of these cell types show constant replacement and cell division

A

Epithelial cells

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13
Q

Describe where smooth muscle is located, and describe at least two examples of how it controls basic physiological function

A

The smooth muscle is located in hollow viscera like the (bladder, uterus, gallbladder) , in the eye (iris), airways, arteries and arterioles. Basically they are found in the urinary, respiratory and reproductive tracts. Some of the physiological function is:

  1. Control of arteriolar diameter >blood pressure regulation
  2. Movement of intestinal contents along gastrointestinal
  3. expulsion of infant from uterus during labor
  4. Expulsion of urine from ladder
  5. Controls diameter of pupil and also focusing
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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle

A
  • Bundles of muscle cells from thick myocardium
  • cells branch
  • cells join at intercalated discs, with gap junction which allow passage of electrical signals
  • cells are uninucleate
  • it has striations
  • Inherent rhythmicity: muscle cells beat separately without any stimulation
  • it is involuntary
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15
Q

Distinguish between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle has striations, whereas smooth muscle does not.
  • skeletal muscle contractions are voluntary, while smooth muscle contractions are not.
  • skeletal muscle cell contraction activated by actions potentials, smooth muscle contractions can be activated by electrical or chemical signals( hormones, local chemicals!
  • skeletal muscles cells are not connected by gap junctions whereas many types of smooth muscle have gap junctions connecting individual cells> coordinated contraction to happen.
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16
Q

Clearly describe what the primary difference in function is between endocrine and exocrine glands, and describe where each are found in the body

A
  • Endocrine glands are ductless and produce hormones and deliver them into tissue fluid surrounding the cells of the gland ( thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, pituitary gland .
  • The hormones enter local capillaries then travel throughout the body via blood or lymph.
  • Exocrine glands realest their products via ducts into specific locations - the skin or hollow organs e.g. gut, respiratory, genitourinary tract e.g. the salivary glands whose tracts carry salive in the mouth, or the pancreatic duct Carrie’s pancreatic fluid ( with digestive enzymes and bicarbonate) to the duodenum! Sweet glands release sweat into the skin.
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17
Q

Name the primary roles of epithelial tissue

A

Roles:
Absorption, filtration, protection, sensory reception, secretion, excretion

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

  • Protective epithelium( protection many layers squamous, connected by desmosomes),
  • Ciliated( pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium) secretion of mucous and prepulsion.
  • filtration
  • secretory ( make and release products, such as exocrine mucous(goblet cell), sweat glands, and salivary glands or hormones endocrine glands like thyroid and gonads)
  • exchange epithelium ( pores between cells permit easy passage of molecules.
    Lungs and blood vessels linings)
  • transporting epithelium ( selective move substances in tight junctions that pass trough epithelial cell. Microvili help with the absorption of nutrients in the intestine)
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18
Q

What are the 3 types of connection within the cells

A

Tight junctions: occur commonly between adjacent cells membranes, and prevent passage of materials between cells.
Gap junctions : allow communication between the cytoplasm of one cell and another
Desmosomes : act as “ spot welds” firmly holding cells together.

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19
Q

What is the endothelium, where is found, and what is it designed to achieve.

A

The endothelium is a single layer of squamous epithelium which lines the blood vessels( capillaries, arteries, arterioles, veins and venues)
Provides a smooth slippery surface which allows uninterrupted blood flow and forms barrier between blood and tissue fluid and controls the flow of molecules, gases between the two.

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20
Q

Name five different types of glial cells, and one function of each one

A

Schwan cell : surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myeline sheath
Microglia: become macrophage like part of immune system
Astrocytes:abundant , help maintain neurons in the CNS
Satellite : surround neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Oligodendrocytes: equivalent to schwan cells in the PNS

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21
Q

There are tree major subdivision of cartilage. What are they and name at least one specific function of each

A

Hyaline: found in the end joints cavities of long bones, chondroblast produce the matrix. Forms costal cartilage of the ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea and larynx. AVASCULAR NO NERVE SUPPLY.
Elastic cartilage: found in the ears. Elasticity and strength ( elastic fibers)
Fibrocartilage: less firm than hyaline. Can absorb compressive shock. Found in interval discs, pubic symphysiss; discs of knee joint. Chondrocyte and collagen fibers.

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22
Q

The mucociliary escalator p: what tissue types are involved , where is it found, and what does it achieve ?

A

It covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles and nose. It is composed of two parts.

  1. The mucous- producing goblet cells
  2. The ciliated epithelium
    * the cilia is continuously beating, pushing mucus against infection
    * Microorganisms are fought in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator
    * smocking paralyses the cilia of the mucociliary escalator and increases susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection
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23
Q

ICF VS ECF: describe the major differences in solute concentrations( relative amounts only I.e. actual concentrations are not required

A

*Extracellular fluid( ECF= plasma and interstitial fluid) contains a higher concentration of sodium ion than intracellular fluid( ICF)
*Exracellular fluid contains a lower potassium ion concentration (k+) than intracellular fluid (ICF)
* ICF contains large quantities of anions( proteins and phosphate ions)
*
Plasma contains more protein than the interstitial fluid.
Note: interstitial fluid is also called intercellular or tissue fluid and bathes the cells .

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24
Q

List the basic characteristics of the process of diffusion as determined by the molecular kinetic theory

A

Molecules in fluids move constantly
Moves are move randomly
Molecules are constantly colliding
There is no loss of kinetic energy
The hotter the molecules the faster the movement, and the larger the molecules the slower the movement.
The result is the dispersion, without the need of additional energy- termed diffusion
Substances tend to diffuse from a region of high concentration to low concentration- gradient

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25
Q

In terms of molecules and concentrations, describe what happens when the diaphragm contracts and how this causes our lungs to fill with air

A

When we breath the diaphragm flattens and the thoracic cavity increases
The concentrations of gas molecules decreases
The gas molecules are further apart - and excerpt less pressure on the walls
The pressure in the thoracic cavity becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure
Air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure and the fills the lungs

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26
Q

Describe the concept of osmotic pressure

A

Also known as oncotic pressure. Is the osmotic pressure excepted by proteins. Proteins cannot cross intact membranes- they are non- penetrating solutes
Mainly pressure excreted by plasma proteins that pull water into the circulatory system.
Plasma COP is important in the regulation of water distribution between plasma and interstitial fluid.

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27
Q

In terms of water balance what does the high protein in plasma achieve, and what would. Happen if large amount of proteins was lost to the interstitium.

A

The pressure excreted by molecules in the plasma creates more osmotic pressure (attract water )from the interstitial fluid
Plasma proteins cannot cross capillary endothelial walls.
Plasma colloidal osmotic pressure is important in regulation of water between plasma and interstitial fluid
If a protein was lost then large amounts of water would follow along by osmosis.

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28
Q

Molarity measure and moles measure

A

Molarity= moles/ liter
Moles = mass/ molecular weight
Sea water is 4 times is more concentrated

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29
Q

Briefly describe the role of the sodium/potassium ATP pump, where and when it is used, and why.

A

The sodium/potassium pump is when the integral protein that uses hydrolysis of ATP and phosphorylation by ATP to power the exchange of sodium ions for potassium against the gradient. It pumps 3 Na+ out and 2K+ into the cell in each cycle.

This helps to maintain the electrochemical gradient in order to do the formation of the RMP.
Also to be able to do the secondary active transport and generation of actions potentials

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30
Q

Secondary active transport of glucose Pam show a clear knowledge of how this mechanism works, and what the operation achieves.

A

The sodium/potassium pum is used tu push glucose uphill against its concentration gradient.
Two substances are transported trough the integral protein
Aminoácidos are transported across the intestine and kidney tubule, by the same mechanism

31
Q

Distinguish between the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

A

Toni city is the comparison of the non penetrating solute concentration of solution with respect to the non penetrating solute consent ration of another solution.
In physiology, we most frequently use this term to compare solutions or fluids with respect to the intracellular fluid.
Isotonic- equal Tonicity with the ICF (equivalent of salt solution)
Hyper tonic- higher tonicity than ICF(concentrated salt solution)
Hypotonic- lower tonicity than ICF( dilute salt concentration (more in the cell)

32
Q

Why does salting of meat help preserve it against bacteria degradation

A

Salting creates a hypertonic saline soul it ion surrounding any bacteria in the meat, thus water move out of bacteria cells by osmosis and will destroy them. Dehydration

33
Q

Most of the water is where stored?

A

In cells, intracellular fluid

34
Q

What amount of blood is found in an adult (70 k) ?

A

3L >90%

35
Q

Osmeosis describes….

A

Movement of water from high to low

36
Q

What osmolarities are typical of plasma and isnterstital fluid

A

Normally both are close to 300 mosmol

37
Q

If you were to place red blood cells into a salt solution of 600 mOsmol, you would expect the cells to …

A

Shrink

38
Q

When molecules bind to receptors on the surface of the cell membrane, the membrane then invaginates, encloses this material, and in so doing transports it into the cytoplasm, the process known as …….. has occurred.

A

Endocytosis

39
Q

Cell membrane wrapping (enclosure) of broken cell fragments or bacteria which are then transported into the cell is termed …….

A

Phangocytosis

40
Q

Active transport across the membrane- which one of the following is incorrect

A) ATP is used to power this process
B) transporters are integral proteins
C) the sodium/potassium ATPase pump is an example of active transport
D) use of facilitated diffusion transporters by glucose is another example of active transport
E) movement of material up concentration gradient occurs.

A

D

41
Q

Facilite diffusion

A

Requires a membrane transporter
Allows glucose to penetrate cell membranes
Is more rapid than plain diffusion generally
Is not directly dependent of ATP

42
Q

True or false: cells are held together by junctions, most tight junctions

A

True, and many allow passage of fluid and solutes, but also they prevent passage of water.

43
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are more lipid soluble than they are water soluble, and with regard to the cell membrane permeability

A

The lipid is lipid rich and as a result these gases face little barrier crossing the membranes, and so according to their concentration gradients

44
Q

Describe what aquaporines are, and what their roles is

A

They are integral membrane proteins. They form channels which cross the lipid layer. Water is a polar molecule and is not a lipid soluble . So It moves down its concentration gradient through aquaporin channels.

45
Q

This body compartment has high potassium and low sodium , and high protein anions

A

Intracellular fluid

46
Q

One of the following regarding the rules of diffusion is incorrect

A

For diffusion to occur, molecular motion needs to be controlled, and is far from random

47
Q

Do endo and endocytosis require energy ?

A

Yes they both do and they are known as active transport processes

48
Q

Site of the dermal ridges that produce epidermal ridges on epidermal surfaces of the fingers

A

Pupillary layer in the dermis

49
Q

Responsible for shock absorption and located in the hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

50
Q

Pulls the hair follicle into upright position

A

Arrector Pills muscle

51
Q

Sudifurous gland in a duct

A

Eccrine or meocrine ducts that connect to pores

52
Q

What are some of the functions of integumentary system

A

Resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system. (Dermis)

53
Q

Where is found the dense irregular connective tissue in the skin

A

In the reticular layer that is the 80% of the dermis. Has capillaries and nerves and elastin fibers and collagen fibers that provide structure and tensile strength gives expression

54
Q

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

A

Cornerman, granulosum, spinosum and básale

55
Q

What are the functions of the papillary and reticular layers

A

Papillary:
1.feed and oxygenate the epidermis
2.Provide touch (meissner corpuscles) and pain receptors (free nerves endings)
3.Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.
Reticular layer:
1. Collagen fibers ( collagen binds water, keeping skin hydrated) provide strength and resiliency.
2. Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Makes up 80% of dermal thickness
2.

56
Q

Why are apocrine sweat glands fairly unimportant in thermal regulation

A

Because they are only found in axillary area and anogenital regions rather than distributed on the body where heat can be more readily dissipated.

57
Q

How the intergumentary system respond to 37 degrees

A

The thermos receptors in the skin sense the temperature change, and the body responded by stimulating sweat glands which evaporated at the skin surface and cooled the body
Blood vessels in the dermis responded to neural stimulation by dilatating blood vessels to make blood acces to the surface of the body where heat is radiated away

58
Q

In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier ), the skin serves other fu nations. Which of the following is another vital function ?

A

it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important for calcium metabolism

59
Q

What is the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer ?

A

It is a well vascularized, losse areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. Adipose is accumulated here and provides Cushing for the intergument.

60
Q

What are the appendages of the skin

A

Hair, nails and sudorifurous and oil glands

61
Q

What is the apocrine gland

A

It has ducts on the hair follicles it sweats fatty substances and proteins (sebum). They are in active until puberty. They produce pheromones

62
Q

What are the two specialized apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous glands- in external ear canal; secrete cerumen

Mammary glands

63
Q

What are the Sabaceous oil glands

A

Secrete sebum that lubricates hair and skin, and kills bacteria. Found in all the body excep for the sole and palms. They are alveolar glands

64
Q

What is the difference between alveolar and tubular glands

A

Tubular have a tube shape lumen, while alveolar are spherical shaped uniform to a sac like lumen.

65
Q

Describe the structure, function and distribution of hair

A

*Function: alert the body the presence of insects,
Guarding the skin against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
* distribution
Entire surface except palms,soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia

*consist of dead keratinized cells
Contains hard keratin
Hair pigments : melanin
Gray / white hair: for decreased melanin production increased air bubbles in shaft

66
Q

What are the three barriers of the intergumentary system

A

Chemical
* low ph secretions( acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity
Physical/ mechanical
* keratin and glycol iPods block most water- soluble substances
*limited penetration of the skin by lipid_ souluble substances., example plant oleoresisn, organic solvents, salts and heavy metals, some drugs
Biological barriers
* dendritic cells, macrophages

67
Q

What is alopecia

A

Hair is shed faster than replaced

Follicles in regressive or resting phase

68
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A 
Sudoriferous
Eccrine
Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, antibodies, metabolic wastes 
Ducts connect to pores 
Function in thermoregulation
69
Q

What is the difference between antiperspirants vs deodorants

A

Antiperspirant (aluminum salts) block sweat gland to reduce the amount of sweating
Deoderants kill the bacteria to prevent smells being created in armpits.

70
Q

What contains the dermis

A

Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, epidermal hair follicles, oil glands and sweat glands

71
Q

What are the 3 degrees of burns like

A

1st degree, sun burn epidermis, heals well
2nd degree, dermis (papillary), painful typically no scaring
3rd degree, through entire dermis, painless, require amputation or early excision, possibly skin grafs.

72
Q

What is oedema

A

Swelling in the ankle, feet and legs. Basically swelling due to the expansion of interstitial fluid volume in tissues or an organ

73
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Is the ingestion of surrounding fluid. Cells engulf dissolved substances

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