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PRIS (CLB) > Tissue Types > Flashcards

Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic tissue types?

A

1) Epithelial
2) Blood
3) Supporting/ connective tissue
4) Muscle
5) Nervous tissue

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2
Q

What is epithelium?

A
  • Specialised layers of cells in tissues often with a role in separating two spaces
  • Epithelial cells are polarised
  • Firmly attached to each other and the basement membrane
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3
Q

Describe the basement membrane

A
  • On the basal side of epithelial cells
  • Provide support for epithelial cells
  • Thin layers of extra cellular matrix
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4
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix

A
  • Between/ beneath cells
  • As important as the cells when considering all tissues (especially connective tissues)
  • Not single, uniform component
  • Not a cell type, rather proteins and polysaccharides
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5
Q

What is the extracellular matrix made of?
What colours do these components stain in H&E?

A
  • Fibres (collagen, elastin) - pink in H&E stain
  • Ground substance (polysaccharides) - pale in H&E
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6
Q

Describe the structure of epithelium

A
  • Can be multi-layered or single
  • Named according to shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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7
Q

What are the different shapes of epithelium?

A
  • Squamous
  • Columnar
  • Cuboidal
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8
Q

Name the different layer types of epithelium

A

Simple
Transitional
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of epithelium tissues

A

1) Gut epithelium
2) Epidermis of skin
3) Endothelium

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10
Q

What is haemotology the study of?

A

Blood

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11
Q

What are the 3 main types of blood cell?

A
  • Leucocytes (white)
  • Erythrocytes (red)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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12
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

Oxygen transport

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13
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clotting to prevent bleeding

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14
Q

What is the function of WBC?

A

Defence against infection

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15
Q

What stain do we use for blood smears

A

Giesma stain

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16
Q

What do RBC look like under a microscope?

A
  • Generally uniform, pink
  • Generally smaller in size compared to WBC
  • Larger than platelets
  • No nucleus in most species
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17
Q

Why do WBC range in staining?

A
  • Differences in cytoplasm
  • Differences in cell organelles
  • Differences in size
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18
Q

What do platelets look like under the microscope?

A
  • Smaller than RBC or WBC
  • Commonly clumped together, diffuse shape
  • No nucleus, but cytoplasm is purple stained (due to granules)
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19
Q

Describe a connective tissue

A
  • Not at surface
  • Structural and metabolic support for other tissues
  • ECM important
  • Commonly contain circulatory and lymphatic vessels
20
Q

Describe the cell of a connective tissue

A
  • Of mesodermal origin
  • General role is of the production and maintenance of the |ECM fibroblast and osteocyte)
  • Cells make up the majority of the tissue such as adipose tissue
  • Can be rarer compared to ECM volume
21
Q

Describe chondrocytes

A
  • Only present in healthy cartilage
  • Produce ECM proteins (collagen, elastins etc.)
  • Different ECM composition between differing cartilage types
22
Q

What are adipocytes?

A
  • Present in a range of supporting tissues
  • Adapted for the storage of fat
  • Main cell type in adipose tissue
23
Q

What are the 3 main types of muscle?

A

Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

24
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Specialised in contractions of shorter duration
Relatively strong contractions
Fine control
Voluntary

25
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like?

A
  • Extremely elongated cells (muscle fibres)
  • Multinucleate (a syncytium)
  • Striated due to cytoskeleton organisation
  • Organised in bundles
26
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • Specialised in contractions of long duration
  • Relatively weak contractions
  • Whole region contractions
  • Involuntary
  • Make up the walls of many organs (e.g., liver, intestines)
27
Q

What does smooth muscle look like?

A
  • Spindle shaped cells
  • No longitudinal arrangement of contractile proteins into myofibrils - no striations
  • Central nucleus
28
Q

What has nervous tissue evolved to do?

A

Deliver rapid and precise communication between different parts on the body.

29
Q

What are the two specialised cells in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons
Glial cells

30
Q

What are the two subsections of the nervous system?

A

1) Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
2) Peripheral nervous system - nerves which run between CNS and other tissues - both contain neurons and glial cells

31
Q

Describe a neuron in terms of structure

A
  • Vary in shape and size
  • Cell body containing a nucleus
  • Dendrites which receive a signal
  • Cell body that generates action potentials
  • Conducts along axon
  • Axon ending, signal influences other neurons or effector organ
32
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells that do not produce electrical signals
- Critical for maintenance and correct function of neurones
- Form myelin for myelin sheath in peripheral and CNS

33
Q

Which 5 tissues contribute to the cardiovascular system?

A

1) Blood
2) Muscle (cardiac muscle tissue)
3) Connective tissue (heart valves)
4) Nervous system (sympathetic fibres and parasympathetic fibres)

34
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

-Long, cylindrical cells, involuntary contractions
- Striated (parallel stripes)
- Branching
- Behaves as a functional syncytium but cells are discrete
- Divided by specialised intercellular junctions - intercalated disks.

35
Q

What are intercalated disks?

A
  • They link cells via gap junctions and desmosomes and adherens junctions
  • Heart pumps in a wave-like pattern
  • They are critical in propagation of action potentials from cardiomyocyte to cardiomyocyte
36
Q

What are gap junctions in intercalated disks?

A

Protein tubes called connexons form hydrophilic pores across the plasma membranes of adjacent cells allowing the movement of small solutes

37
Q

What do desmosomes and adherens junctions both use to link cells?

A

Cadherins

38
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Link to intermediate fibres

39
Q

What do adherens junctions do?

A

Bind to actin filaments

40
Q

What does the arterial system do?

A

Carries blood from the heart to capillaries of the body tissues and organs

40
Q

What does the venous system do?

A

Carries blood from the capillary system back to the heart.

41
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

42
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A
  • Single layer of flattened epithelial cells called endothelium
  • Simple squamous
  • Beneath the endothelial cell layer = ECM
  • Below ECM = internal elastic lamina (mainly elastin)
  • Holes (perforations/fenestrations) within the internal elastic lamina (IEL)
43
Q

What is the tunica media?

A
  • Mainly muscle layer
  • Specifically smooth muscle
  • Smooth muscle cells produce ECM and IEL
  • Below the muscle cells, the external elastic lamina
44
Q

What is the tunica adventitia?

A
  • Extracellular matric produced by fibroblasts
  • Location of nerves, lymphatic vessels, resident immune cells, progenitor cells.
45
Q

Describe veins in terms of pressure and connective tissue

A

Lower pressure
Less smooth muscle and connective tissue

46
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • Only the tunica intima layer present
  • Allows for movement of cells/ molecules
  • Capillary endothelial cells attach to basement membrane

PRIS (CLB) (16 decks)

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