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IMS- Strand 5 > Tissue Types > Flashcards

Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit (e.g: cartilage, bone & muscle)

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2
Q

Organ

A

An anatomically discrete collection of tissues that together perform a certain specific function ( eg liver, kidney, eye & ovary)

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3
Q

What do tissues and organs constitute?

A

Integrated functional systems, forming major anatomical entities (eg CNS, gastrointestinal tract & urinary system)

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4
Q

Mesenchyme

A

The embryological tissue from which all types of supporting elements (e.g. connective tissue)
Relatively unspecialised and are capable of differentiation into all supporting tissue cell types

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5
Q

Stroma

A

The cells and tissues that support and give structure to organs, glands or other tissues in the body

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6
Q

What is the stroma made up of?

A

Connective tissues, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

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7
Q

In tissues and organs, what is the functionally specialised cell called?

A

Parenchyma

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8
Q

What is Haematoxylin and Eosin?

A

Most commonly used staining technique in routine histology

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9
Q

What does Haematoxylin stain?

A

Stains acidic structures (eg components or nuclei) a purplish blue

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10
Q

What does Eosin stain?

A

Basic structures (eg cytoplasmic proteins) red or pink

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11
Q

What is the epithelia?

A

Are a diverse group of tissues that include both surface epithelia and solid organs

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12
Q

What is surface epithelia?

A

Cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes and form the interface between different biological compartments

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13
Q

What are the functions of the epithelia?

A

Forming a protective barrier, regulation of the exchange of molecules between compartments and synthesis and secretion of glandular products

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14
Q

What are the 7 features of the epithelia?

A
  • Tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix
  • Polarity (apical surface and a basal surface)
  • Anchored to basement membrane
  • Lack of blood vessels
  • supported by laminated propria is (connective tissue)
  • High ability for regeneration
  • Connected by intercellular junctions, which maintain tissue integrity and allow communication between cells
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of cell adhesion?

A

Cell- Cell adhesion
Cell- matrix adhesion

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16
Q

What is Bullous pemphigoid?

A

Autoimmune blistering skin disorder
Patients present with tense bullae on an erythematous base and itching

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17
Q

What happens to autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid?

A

Autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal proteins (BPAG1 & BPAG2)
Autoantibody binding to the target proteins leads to the release of cytokines, complement activation and acute inflammatory reaction that destroys the hemidesmosomes and leads to the formation of subepidermal blisters

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18
Q

What is the Pemphigus Vulgaris?

A

-Autoimmune condition
- Caused by autoantibodies against epidermal antigens (desmoglein 1 & desmoglein 3)
- Patients present with flaccid bullae or crusted erosions involving skin or mucosa

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19
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells with a flattened central nuclei
Function:
Provides a barrier through which gases and fluids can be exchanged
Produces serous fluid
Location:
- Air sacs of lungs
- inner linings of ventral body cavities and blood vessel
- Certain parts of kidney

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20
Q

What are simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

-single layer of cube shaped cells
- round, central nuclei

Function
Absorption
Secretion of mucus and other substances

Location
Kidney tubules
Lower respiratory passages thyroid, salivary, and mammary glands

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21
Q

What is the simple columnar epithelium?

A

Single layer of rectangular cells
Ovoid, basal nuclei

Function
Absorption
Secretion of mucus and other substances
Propulsion of egg through uterine tube

Location
Digestive tract from stomach to anus
Uterine tube
Gallbladder
Certain kidney tubules

22
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Single layer of columnar cells of different heights, giving a stratified appearance
Cilia

Function
Secretes mucus and propels it with ciliary motion

Location
Nasal cavity
Parts of male urethra
Upper respiratory passages

23
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium

A

Keratinized epithelium
Nonkeratinized epithelium

24
Q

What is keratinized epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of squamous cells:
- apical cells dead, flaky and filled with keratin
- cuboidal to squamous shaped basal cells

Function:
Protection from mechanical stresses and microorganisms
Prevents most water loss through skin

Location:
Epidermis

25
What is a nonkeratinized epithelium?
Apical cells living and very flat Cells more cuboidal toward basal layers Function Protection from mechanical stresses and microorganisms Location Mouth, pharynx, superior larynx, esophagus Vagina Anal canal
26
What are stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Two or more layers of cuboidal cells Function Same absorption and secretion Location Ducts of sweat glands
27
What are stratified columnar epithelium?
Two or more layers of columnar cells Function Protection Some absorption and secretion Location Ducts of certain glands Cornea Parts of male urethra
28
What is the transitional epithelium?
Multiple layers of cells Apical cells dome shaped when relaxed and flattened when stretched Function Protection Gives tissues added distensibility Location Urinary bladder Ureter Urethra
29
What are the site specific adaptions of epithelial cells on the skin?
- Stratified squamous epithelium is present in the skin - provides protection against abrasions and water loss - keratinised epithelium in which the superficial epithelial cells are dead and cyclically desquamate, cells lose nucleus and cytoplasm & contain keratin= waterproof properties
30
Adaptions of epithelial cells on GI tract
- ciliated columnar epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces Can be found lining parts of the GI tract and female reproductive tract
31
Adaptions of epithelial cells of the urinary tract
The urothelium in the urinary tract is a specialised stratified lining epithelium that forms an impermeable barrier to water and ions The ability of the bladder wall to stretch to increase volume makes it known as the transitional epithelium
32
What is Coeliac disease?
Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and colloid atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease Immune mediated damage to the intestinal mucosa
33
What happens during Coeliac disease?
Damage to intestinal mucosa leads to modifications in key epithelial signalling pathways that leads to epithelial dysfunction and increased intestinal permeability
34
What happens to the underlying immune cells in coeliacs disease?
The underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which increases the pro-inflammatory immune response against gluten, leading to further epithelial damage
35
What does gliadin do?
Gluten contains gliadin, moves into small intestine which becomes more permeable and sent into blood, via aid of antigen presenting cells interacts with T cells, gliadin behaves an an antigen which stimulates bodies immune response= intestinal villi get damaged as inflammation occurs
36
What are the 6 tissues Mesenchyme can form?
- Chondroblast - Osteoblast - Hemocytoblast - Fibroblast - Adipoblast - Myoblast
37
What is fatty tissue?
Adipose tissue Composed of adipocytes (cytoplasm store lipids) Foetus and infants have brown fat which provides greater energy source for baby
38
What are the 3 cell types of bone?
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes
39
What are osteoblasts?
Cells on outside (peripheral) part of bone
40
What are Osteoclasts?
Eat the bone, remove excess bone and reshape
41
What are osteocytes?
cells inside the bone matrix
42
What are the 4 types of bone?
Woven Lamellar Cortical Trabecular
43
What are Tendons?
Dense connective tissue structures, composed of a hierarchy of longitudinally arranged collagen fibres, elastin, glycoproteins, proteoglycans and a less amount of specialised fibroblast cells
44
What is cartilage?
mainly composed of collagen
45
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage (forms the synovial lining of joint) Fibrocartilage (stiff durable cartilage that connects bones) Elastic cartilage (present in external structures such as ear and nose)
46
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Skeletal, cardiac (both striated muscle) and smooth muscle
47
What are disorders of mesenchymal tissue?
These diseases can manifest in various ways, including benign or malignant tumours, genetic disorders, and systemic conditions
48
What are 3 examples of diseases arising from abnormal mesenchymal tissue?
Marfan syndrome Lipoma Angiosarcoma
49
What is Marfan syndrome?
a genetic disorder affecting connective tissue, leading to abnormalities in the skeleton, heart and eyes
50
What is lipoma?
Benign tumour of adipose tissue, typically presenting as soft, painless masses under the skin
51
What is Angiosarcoma?
An aggressive cancer that forms from the lining of blood or lymph vessels

IMS- Strand 5 (4 decks)

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