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Unit 1 Review Sessions > Tissue Organization > Flashcards

Tissue Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two principle types of tissues?

A

Cellular (muscle/epithelia)

Connective (cartilage/bone/tendon)

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2
Q

What are cellular tissues’ integrity and properties from? (2 types of interactions)

A

cell-cell interactions

cell-extracellular matrix interactions

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3
Q

What are crucial for cellular tissue integrity?

A

cell junctions

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4
Q

What are the properties and of connective tissue derived from?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM) composition

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5
Q

What is the role of the ECM in connective tissues?

A

anchorage point for cells - connective tissues are primarily comprised of ECM

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6
Q

What main molecules interact in adhering/anchoring junctions?

A

actin microfilament cytoskeleton, intermediate filament cytoskeleton

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7
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a junction?

A
  1. Transmembrane glycoprotein
  2. linker proteins
  3. cytoskeleton
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8
Q

what do linker proteins do?

A

stabilize link from tissue to cytoskeleton

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9
Q

what are the two types of actin-filament (MF) based anchoring junctions?

A

adherens junction = cell-cell

focal junction = cell-ECM

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10
Q

what transmembrane protein do adherens junctions use?

A

cadherins

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11
Q

what transmembrane protein do focal junctions use?

A

integrins

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12
Q

What are the two types of intermediate filment based anchoring junctions?

A 
desmosome = cell-cell
hemi-desmosome = cell-ECM
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13
Q

what transmembrane protein do desmosome junctions use?

A

cadherins

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14
Q

what transmembrane protein do hemi-desmosomes use?

A

integrins (alpha6/beta4)

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15
Q

are cadherins and integrins homo- or heterophilic?

A 
cadherins = homophilic
integrins = heterophilic
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16
Q

what are the two blistering disorders associated with anchoring/adhering junctions?

A

Pemphigus - autoimmune - antibodies to cadherins

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex - defects in intermediate filament (keratin) assembly

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17
Q

What are the two functions of tight junctions?

A
  1. permeability barrier at epithelial sheets (ex. SI)

2. maintain cell polarity (ex. mem proteins)

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of junctions in cellular tissue?

A
  1. Actin-Filament based anchoring junctions
  2. Intermediate Filament based anchoring junctions
  3. Tight junctions
  4. Gap junctions
19
Q

what is the function of gap junctions and where are they used/what for?

A

communication btw neighboring cells

electric conduction in cardiac cells

20
Q

When a gap junction is CLOSED, what are the intracellular conditions?

A

High Ca2+

Low pH

21
Q

When a gap junction is OPEN, what are the intracellular conditions?

A

Low Ca2+

high pH

22
Q

What single protein comprises a gap junction?

A

Connexin

23
Q

what does the ECM confer connective tissues?

A

tensile strength
elasticity
permeability

24
Q

what are the three types of ECM?

A
  1. Fibrillar proteins
  2. Bulky fillers
  3. Cross-linkers
25
Q

What are the fibrillar proteins of connective tissue?

A

collagen
elastin
fibrillin

26
Q

What are the bulky fillers of connective tissue?

A

proteoglycans

27
Q

what are the cross-linkers of connective tissue?

A

fibronectin, laminin

28
Q

What type of protein is collagen?

A

Fibrillar protein

29
Q

What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

defect in collagen/fibrillar proteins

hyperextensible skin and joints

30
Q

what does collagen confer?

A

tensile strength

resistance to stretching

31
Q

how is non-fibrillar collagen different from fibrillar collagen?

A

non fibrillar pro-peptide is not cleaved - cannot form fibrils
non-fibrillar collagen is found in basil lamina

32
Q

what type of collage is found in the basal lamina?

A

non-fibrillar collagen

33
Q

what component of elastin makes it elastic?

A

proline!

34
Q

what does fibrillin do?

A

stabilizes elastin - resists stretching

35
Q

What do mutations in fibrillin do?

A

Marfan syndrome –> aortic rupture possible

36
Q

What are characteristics of glycosaminoglycans?

A

protein backbone

sulfated, carboxylated

37
Q

what do cross-linking proteins (fibronectin, laminin) do?

A

integrate cellular and connective tissue

38
Q

What do cross-linking proteins have multiple binding sites for?

A

integrins

39
Q

where would cross-linking proteins be found?

A

loose connective tissue, blood clots, wound repair, cell migration, development

40
Q

what are the 4 functions of the basal lamina?

A
  1. supports muscle cells (role in DMD)
  2. supports epithelial sheets (cell prolif)
  3. molecular filter for kidney
  4. guidance pathways - development (Periph NS)
41
Q

What are the 4 factors of growth control?

A
  1. Cell lineage (apoptosis, telomere length)
  2. External/diffusible factors (GF)
  3. cell-ECM interactions
  4. cell-cell interaction (growth inhibition)
42
Q

What are cell lineage factors of growth control

A

apoptosis

telomere replication - too short –> senescence

43
Q

what differences do transformed (cancer) cells have in terms of growth control?

A

do not senesce (inactive telomerase or p53)
lack GF dependence
lack anchorage dependence
no cell-cell contact inhibition

44
Q

in which two types of genes to cancerous mutations occur?

A

oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes

Unit 1 Review Sessions (5 decks)

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