Tissue Organisation- Topographical Basis

Question 1

Somatic

Answer 1

Refers to the body as a whole
Describes the elements which make up the walls of the trunk and limbs
eg. Bone, cartilage skeletal muscle

all are controlled by the somatic nervous system

Question 2

Visceral

Answer 2

Refers to all the organs in the trunk, head and neck

Supplied by the autonomic nervous system (both sympathetic and parasympathetic )

Question 3

What is skin ?

Answer 3

It covers the outer layer of the body and the integral structures
it is separated by connective tissue

Question 4

What is the function of skin?

Answer 4

Protection (water proof)
Thermoregulation
Providing sensory information about surrounding environment - touching hot surface, texture and pressure
Vitamin D synthesis

Question 5

Where is the nerve supply and blood supply in the skin

Answer 5

In the connective tussle - NOT epidermis

Question 6

What are the different layers of the skin?

Answer 6

The epidermis
The dermis
The superficial fascia
The deep fascia

Question 7

Describe the epidermis

Answer 7

90% keratinocytes

less abundant are melanocytes, langerhans cells, Merkel cells

Question 8

Describe the dermis

Answer 8

Composed mainly of CT: collagen, elastic fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes

present in blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles

Question 9

Describe the superficial fascia

Answer 9

Beneath the dermis

Contains collagen and elastic fibres but varying amount of fat

Question 10

What are the functions of the superficial fascia

Answer 10

Storage of both the fat (high energy content ) and water (the shape is allowed to change but not the volume)

provides protection against mechanical shock- fat and water act as a cushion

Thermal insulation- fat and water provide an effective barrier against rapid loss of body heat

Conduction- transport- nerves and blood vessels to the skin

Question 11

Describe deep fascia

Answer 11

Beneath the superficial fascia layer

Highly organised and dense connective tissue layer which invests deep structures, dividing body into comportments- LITTLE FAT
Organised collagen fibres- running parallel

Question 12

What is the function of the deep fascia?

Answer 12

Conduction- blood vessels, nerves are transported via fascias (neurovascular bundles)

Movement of Muscle- muscles are wrapped in deep fascia- can slide over each other

Attachment for some muscles- some muscles gain partial attachments for deep fascia eg temporalis

Capsules around organs and glands (kidney and lymph nodes)

Question 13

What are neurovascular bundles?

Answer 13

Deep fascia will surround nerves and blood vessels

Question 14

Describe the fascia of the thigh

Answer 14

Deep fascia encloses the muscle completely - good as each muscle can work separately, won’t slide past each other.
Inserted into bone

there are also spaces where nerves blood capillaries are positioned

Question 15

What is the disadvantage of the structure of the fascia of the leg?

Answer 15

If there was an infection , it would causes inflammation which would result in cutting off blood supply and nerve conduction. This is because the walls being inelastic.

Known as compartment syndrome

necessary to open up compartments to release pressure

Question 16

Describe the fascia of the skin in the foot

Answer 16

Condensations in the foot will hold the tendons and muscles coming from the anterior part of the leg in position

This increases the efficiency of the muscles actions

Question 17

What are serous membranes?

Answer 17

They line the internal cavities of the body
They are thin double layered structures
Consists of mesophelium
It is supported by loose connective tissue

Question 18

Describe the serous membranes and what is their function?

Answer 18

Inner layer intimate with viscera
Outer layer anchored to the body wall
Small space between the 2 layers- filled with fluid to minimise friction during movement

eg. the Pleura- lungs
The pericardium- Heart
The peritoneum- Abdomen contents

Question 19

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels- (not capillaries)

Answer 19

tunica intima- internal elastic layer and endothelium
tunica media
tunica externa

Question 20

What are the different regions defined in arterial system

Answer 20

Ileum- illac
Femur-femral
Tibia- in the tibia

laterally from the trunk- 
Brachiocephalic- arm and head
subclavian - behind the clavicle 
axillary- goes through the axila
brachial- arm
Radial- thumb
Ulnar - finger

NB arteries can be divided into section by the position of a muscle

Question 21

Describe the mode of veins in the way blood returns to the heart

Answer 21

The pressure is low- hence in order to increase the pressure of the region that the blood is in- skeletal muscle is present to push the walls in both directions so blood moves distal to proximal.

However to maintain the direction- valves present