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Pathology > Tissue Injury & Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Injury & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Can the number of heart cells increase (hyperplasia)?

A

No - the heart has a fixed number of cells

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2
Q

What is healing the response of?

A

1) Wound
2) Inflammatory process
3) Cell necrosis

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3
Q

What 2 processes are involved in healing?

A

1) Regeneration (restore normal tissue)

2) Repair (tissue can regain its normal function)

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4
Q

Which organ is unable to regenerate?

A

Heart - it heals by fibrosis, leading to scar tissue

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5
Q

Definition of regeneration:

A

The growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures, with the aim to restore normal tissue

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6
Q

What are the 2 requirements for regeneration to take place?

A

1) A tissue that has proliferative capacity

2) Extracellular matrix and proteins

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7
Q

Which organ has a high proliferative capacity?

A

Liver

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8
Q

Definition of repair:

A

A combination of regeneration and scar formation in order to restore the normal function of the tissue

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9
Q

At what level of the skin does regeneration take place?

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

At what level of the skin does scar formation take place?

A

Subcultaneous

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11
Q

What depends on which type of healing takes place?

A

The degree of injury

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12
Q

Which type of healing process will occur for each of the 2 types of inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation -
Superficial skin = regeneration
Subcultaneous = repair
Chronic inflammation - fibrosis

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13
Q

Evaluation of the ability for regeneration to take place in Amphibians:

A

Good regenerative abilities

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14
Q

Evaluation of the ability for regeneration to take place in mammals:

A

Only have a few true examples of regernation

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15
Q

Name the examples of true regeneration in mammals:

A

1) Liver
2) Superficial skin layer
3) Bone fractures

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16
Q

How do mammals compensate for only having a few examples of true regeneration?

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

17
Q

When does fibrosis occur and how is the scar formed?

A

Fibrosis occurs when the degree of injury is serious and chronic inflammation ha occurred.
Scar formation occurs when collagen and extra-cellular matrix components are deposited

18
Q

Which cells are responsible for depositing the collagen and extra-cellular matrix components ?

A

Parenchymal cells and fibroblasts

19
Q

The sequence of healing from day 0-14:

A

0-3: 1) Injury 2) Inflammation 3) Angiogenesis 4) Migration of parenchymal cells and fibroblasts
0-7: 1) Pro-liferation of parenchymal cells and fibroblasts
9-14: Depends on level of injury/ type of inflammation
If acute:
Superficial - regeneration
Subcultanous - repair
If chronic:
Fibrosis - scar formation

20
Q

What are the 2 types of wounds?

A

First Intention and Secondary Intention

21
Q

What are first intention wounds?

A

The edges of the wound will be close together and so healing of the wound doesn’t take long

22
Q

What are secondary intention wounds?

A

The edges of the wound will be far apart and so it takes longer for the wound to heal

23
Q

What is the difference between the healing results of first intention and secondary intention wounds?

A

First intention: small scab

Secondary intention: large scab with larger amounts of granulation tissue

24
Q

What occurs in secondary intention to try and bridge the gap between the edges of the wound?

A

Wound contraction

25
Q

What are the 2 classes of factors that affect wound healing?

A

Local factors and systemic factors

26
Q

Name the 4 local factors that affect wound healing?

A

1) Size of the wound
2) How well vascularised the tissue is
3) Type of wound - clean or infected
4) Mechanical forces (e.g. scab picking)

27
Q

Name the 4 systemic factors that affect wound healing?

A

1) Nutritional status
2) Metabolic status
3) Circulatory status
4) Hormones

28
Q

Which hormones can prolong healing?

A

Steriods

29
Q

What are the 3 complications of wound healing?

A

1) Deficient scar formation - resulting from open wounds
2) Keloid scar formation - resulting from excessive healing
3) Contractures - resulting from burn wounds

30
Q

How can wound infections be prevented?

A

1) Keeping the area clean
2) Regular wound dressings
3) Looking out for signs of injections

31
Q

Is bleeding at the site of infection normal?

A

Each area of injury will have a normal degree of bleeding. Anything beyond this normal degree will indicate internal bleeding.

32
Q

Define pressure/bed sores and where are they normally located?

A

Unrelieved pressure over an area of the body and they are normally located on boney areas

33
Q

What causes pressure/bed sores?

A

1) Lack of blood supply to the area due to the unrelieved pressure
2) Shearing factors that traumatise skin

34
Q

What results from pressure/bed sores?

A

1) Ischaemia
2) Cell necrosis
3) Cellulitis
4) Superimposed and deep seated infections
5) Osteomyelitis

Pathology (9 decks)

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