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OPT407 > Tissue Extracelluar Matrix > Flashcards

Tissue Extracelluar Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

Four basic types of human tissues:

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Connective

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

binds the cells
and organs of the body together
(forming its structure)

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3
Q

Connective
tissue:
Functions

A

Support + protection
Transportation
Energy reserve storage
Defence

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4
Q

Extracellular
matrix:Connective tissue fibres

A

Collagen fibres - High tensile strength
• Elastic fibres- Stretch + recoil
• Reticular fibres – Form the internal
structure/skeleton of soft organs (e.g., spleen)

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5
Q

Extracellular
matrix:
Ground substance

A

• Fills spaces between cells +
surrounds connective tissue
fibres
• Contains mostly water, some
cell adhesion proteins & large
polysaccharide molecules

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6
Q

Types of
Connective
tissue:

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
    • Loose connective tissue
    • Densely packed connective tissue
  2. Fluid connective tissues
    • Blood
    • Lymph
  3. Supportive connective tissues
    • Cartilage
    Bone
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7
Q

Loose Connective tissue

A

fill spaces between organs,
provide cushioning and support to epithelia
Types
• Areolar tissue – forms layer that separates skin
from deeper structures; extensive blood supply
(caters to metabolic requirements of
surrounding epithelial tissue); provides padding;
elastic
• Adipose tissue – fat cells/adipocytes (e.g., fills
bony sockets behind eyes)
• Reticular tissue – stabilises position of functional
cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes

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8
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Collagen fibres – densely packed: tough, strong,
durable, resist distortion, tension and interconnect
bones and muscles.
Types
• Dense regular connective tissue
• Tendons – attach skeletal muscle to bones
• Ligaments – connect one bone to another, can
stretch
• Dense irregular connective tissue
• Strengthens and supports areas subject to
stresses; gives skin its strength, covers bone
and cartilage, forms capsule which surrounds
internal cavities

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9
Q

Specialised
cells of
connective
tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts - produce connective tissue fibres +
ground substance
Fibrocytes - maintain connective tissue fibres in
connective tissue proper
Macrophages - phagocytize (engulf) pathogens or
damaged cells
Fat cells/adipocytes
Mast cells – mobile cells, contain histamine and
heparin (chemicals released after injury/infection)

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10
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood
• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
- transport O2 and CO2
• White blood cells
(Lymphocytes) - Immune
system
• Platelets - blood clotting
• Plasma

Lymph
Forms as interstitial fluid
drains into lymphatic vessels
that return to cardiovascular
system. Immune cells monitor
lymph composition and
respond to signs of infection/injury

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11
Q

Supporting connective tissue: Cartilage

A

Firm gel containing embedded fibres
• Chondrocytes – only cells in cartilage matrix
• Avascular – thus chondrocytes must get nutrients & eliminate waste by diffusion through
matrix
Types
• Hyaline - provides support, reduces friction, between bony surfaces
• Elastic - provides support, tolerates distortion without damage
• Fibrocartilage - resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement

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12
Q

Supporting connective tissue: Cartilage

A

Firm gel containing embedded fibres
• Chondrocytes – only cells in cartilage matrix
• Avascular – thus chondrocytes must get nutrients & eliminate waste by diffusion through
matrix
Types
• Hyaline - provides support, reduces friction, between bony surfaces
• Elastic - provides support, tolerates distortion without damage
• Fibrocartilage - resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement

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13
Q

Epithelial tissue + examples

A

Group of cells that cover the exterior
surfaces of the body, line internal cavities
and passageways, and form certain
glands.
Examples
- Skin
- Lining of digestive, respiratory, and
urinary tract
- Lining of cavities surrounding heart and
lungs
- Lining of fluid filled chambers in the eye rain and ear

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue + examples

A

Group of cells that cover the exterior
surfaces of the body, line internal cavities
and passageways, and form certain
glands.
Examples
- Skin
- Lining of digestive, respiratory, and
urinary tract
- Lining of cavities surrounding heart and
lungs
- Lining of fluid filled chambers in the eye rain and ear

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15
Q

What is Epithelial tissue
Composed of ?

A

Epithelia: The cells that
cover external and internal
surfaces

Glands: cells that secrete
fluid
Most glands are formed
during development by
proliferation of epithelial
cells so that they project
into the underlying
connective tissue

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16
Q

What is Epithelial tissue
Composed of ?

A

Epithelia: The cells that
cover external and internal
surfaces

Glands: cells that secrete
fluid
Most glands are formed
during development by
proliferation of epithelial
cells so that they project
into the underlying
connective tissue

17
Q

Functions of Epithelial
tissue:
Epithelia

A
  1. Control permeability
  2. Provide protection- from dehydration, abrasion,
    chemical & biological agents
  3. Sensation
  4. Secretion (by glandular cells)
    • Exocrine secretions - released onto epithelial
    surface
    • Endocrine secretions – released into surrounding
    tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) and blood
    • Hormones= chemical messengers that co-
    ordinate and regulate activities of tissues, organs, cells
18
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue: Epithelia

A

Characteristics:
• Cells are closely bound
• Attached surface (basement membrane)- connected to
connective tissue
• Exposed surface (apical surface) –either an internal
passage/chamber or the environment
• Damaged/lost cells at exposed surface are continuously
regenerated
• Avascular – lack blood vessels

19
Q

Intercellular connections

A

Epithelial cells must be firmly attached to basement membrane + each other to
form an effective lining. Damage/breakage results in exposure to pathogens.
• Intercellular connections - Join epithelial cells to one another and to adjacent
tissue and aid in providing an effective barrier.
• Interconnected by cell adhesion molecules (proteins that bind to each
other and extracellular materials by a layer of proteoglycans)
• Specialised attachment sites
• Cell junctions - attach 1 cell to another or to extracellular matrix
• Include: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

20
Q

Basement membrane

A

Connects the epithelial
cell to the underlying
connective tissue
• Provides a barrier
• No cells - protein fibres

21
Q

Epithelial surface

A

Apical surface – exposed surface
• Microvilli - usually line internal passageways
• increased surface area
• resulting in more effective absorption or secretion of
substances

22
Q

Epithelial Renewal and repair

A

Epithelial cells are constantly replaced by stem cells

23
Q

Epithelial cell classification based on layering

A

Simple
Stratified
• Single layer of cells covering
basement membrane
• Found inside the body - line
internal compartments and
passageways
• usually also found in areas
where secretion/absorption occurs

Stratified
Greater protection- multiple
layers above basement
membrane
• Found in areas that are exposed
to chemical/mechanical stress eg mouth skin

24
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

25
Q

Glandular Epithelia

A

Endocrine secretion- hormones; produced by endocrine glands and released into blood/tissue
fluids.
Exocrine secretion- exocrine glands release products through duct/tube onto an external
surface.
• Unicellular (goblet cells) or Multicellular
• Mode of secretion-
• Merocrine- secretion released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
• Apocrine- loss of cytoplasm containing secretion; gland cell must repair before additional secretion
• Holocrine- superficial gland bursts releasing secretion and replaced by underlying stem cells (Ex. Sebaceous gland
• Type of secretion
• Serous
• Mucous
• Mixed

26
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Made up of cells that contract when excited
• Contract due to interaction between filaments of
myosin and actin

27
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Large multinucleated cells
• Muscle cells are called: muscle fibres
• Incapable of dividing- however, stem cells
differentiate to provide new muscle fibres.
• Striated voluntary muscle
• Myosin + Actin filaments arranged into
repeating patterns à gives striated
appearance
• Contract when stimulated by nervous system

28
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

In heart
• Striated involuntary muscle
• Cardiac muscle cell: cardiocyte
• Limited ability to repair itself due to reduced stem
cells
• Ability to efficiently conduct stimulus and force
contraction: cells branch and form extensive
connections with each other (interconnected at
intercalated discs- attachment sites containing gap
junctions and desmosomes)
• Sinus node (Pacemaker) - establish regular
contraction, nervous system can alter rate of
contraction

29
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Small, slender

No striations – actin
and myosin filaments
are scattered
throughout cytoplasm.

Nonstriated involuntary
muscle

30
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Nervous tissue transmits electrochemical signals via nerve impulses from one region to another.
• 2 types of cells
• Neurons - communicate via electrochemical signals
• Supporting cells (neuroglia)- support and nourish neural tissue
• Longest cells in body (reaching 1m), cannot divide thus difficult to regenerate after injury
• 3 main parts
• Cell body - nucleus
• Dendrites - branching projections, receive information
• Axon – 1 projection, carry information to other cells, nerve fibres (ending at axon terminal here info passed from one neuron toanother

31
Q

Ageing changes

A

Tissue repair (speed and efficacy)
decreases with age
Epithelia thins
Connective tissue becomes more fragile
Irreplaceable tissue (cardiac)

32
Q

Synovial membranes

A

• Lines joint cavities + produce fluid within joint
• Areolar tissue + incomplete layer of epithelial tissue
• Ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage + separated by
synovial fluid
• Synovial fluid
• Produced by fibroblasts in connective tissue of synovial membrane
• Lubricates joint + provides smooth movement

33
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Simple epithelium + areolar tissue
• They line sealed internal cavities which are not open to exterior
• 2 sections
• Parietal- lines inner surface
• Visceral- lines outer surface
(e.g., visceral pericardium covers heart, parietal pericardium lines inner surface of pericardial sac)
• 3 Types
• Pleura - covers lungs, lines pleural cavity
• Peritoneum- lines peritoneal cavity + covers liver/stomach
• Pericardium – lines pericardial cavity + covers heart

34
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line passageways + chambers
• Coated with mucous gland
secretions
• Areolar tissue portion of
mucous membrane= called
lamina propria (supports
epithelial layer)
• Usually simple epithelia
(secretory/absorptive
functions)

OPT407 (1 decks)

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