Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Biocompatibility

Question 1

What is epigenetics?

Answer 1

Epigenetics is the study of how DNA interacts with smaller molecules found within cells, which can activate and deactivate genes.

Question 2

What are covalent modifications?

Answer 2

Covalent modifications are alterations of proteins and include the addition and removal of chemical groups.

Question 3

What are scaffolds?

Answer 3

Scaffolds are support structures designed to facilitate cellular growth upon implantation into the patient.

Question 4

Why are the disadvantages of 2D culture systems?

Answer 4

• 2D does not represent in Vivo growth environment or cell’s organisation and responses
• 2D cell culture systems do not show signalling networks that represent what happens in the human body.

Question 5

What are organoids?

Answer 5

Organoids are artificially grown masses of cells or tissue that resemble an organ.

Question 6

what is a pluripotent cell?

Answer 6

A pluripotent cell is a cell that can develop into many different types of cells or tissues in the body.

Question 7

What are the two types of stem cells?

Answer 7

1- Embryonic stem cells
2- Somatic or adult stem cells

Question 8

What is induced pluripotent stem cell (IPS)

Answer 8

IPS cells are generated from somatic cells and are reprogrammed by inducing genes to be pluripotent.

Question 9

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 9

Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all internal and external surfaces of the body, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and is the major tissue in glands.

Question 10

What is stroma in the human body?

Answer 10

Stroma is a type of cell that makes up certain types of connective tissue which are supportive tissue of an epithelial organ.

Question 11

What is gene regulation?

Answer 11

Gene regulation is a process used to control the timing, location, and amount in which genes are expressed.

Question 12

What is transcription?

Answer 12

Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

Question 13

What is drug delivery?

Answer 13

Drug delivery is the process of managing the pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect.

Question 14

What kind of tablets have a conventional drug release profile?

Answer 14

Headache tablets (ibuprofen)

Question 15

What can injectable hydrogels help with?

Answer 15

Wound healing applications, tissue repair (cardiac tissue), and bone repair.

Question 16

How can tissue engineering be used in drug delivery?

Answer 16

• Directly injecting material containing therapeutic payloads (cells, proteins, and small molecules).
• Directly implant materials containing a combination of payloads

Question 16

How can tissue engineering be used in drug delivery?

Answer 16

• Directly injecting material containing therapeutic payloads (cells, proteins, and small molecules).
• Directly implant materials containing a combination of payloads that are secured in place.

Question 17

Why some materials in drug delivery systems are biodegradable?

Answer 17

• System is meant to degrade in the body.
• Often releases the drug as it is degrading.
• Material metabolites are resorbed by the body, reused, or eliminated.

Question 18

What are metabolites?

Answer 18

Metabolites are substances necessary for metabolism.

Question 19

Why some materials in drug delivery systems are non-biodegradable?

Answer 19

• The system is designed to be removed once the therapeutic agent is totally consumed.
• Often drugs will diffuse out.
• Can be designed to be left in the body for many months or years (implants).

Question 20

Where are embryonic stem cells derived from?

Answer 20

Embryos.

Question 21

Where are somatic or adult stem cells derived from?

Answer 21

From undifferentiated cells residing in a tissue or organ along with the other differentiated cells.

Question 22

What are the different types of pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 22

1- embryonic stem cell
2- induced pluripotent stem cell

Question 23

where are induced pluripotent stem cells derived from?

Answer 23

From adult somatic cells.

Question 24

What is mRNA?

Answer 24

Messenger RNA is a copy of a gene’s DNA sequence and carries the genes’ protein information.

Question 25

Where is the genes’ protein information encoded?

Answer 25

DNA

Question 26

What are the advantages of 3D culture systems?

Answer 26

Ideal cell signalling.

Question 27

what is the basic principle of tissue engineering?

Answer 27

cells from a biopsy are placed on a monolayer cell culture then a mass cell expansion is used to scale up and expand cells. then cells are cultured on a 3D polymeric scaffold to generate a graft. this graft is the growth environment for tissue engineering constructs.