Tissue Culture Types Flashcards
1
Q
Adventitious Shoot Formation
A
- shoots that arise from places where buds do not normally form, such as roots, leaves, flowers, and stem internodes
- 2 types:
- diploid plant regeneration
- haploid and triploid regeneration
2
Q
Anther Culture
A
- also called haploid regeneration
- pollen grains that can develop into embryos
- a procedure for obtaining haploid plants from normally diploid plants
- want to produce haploid plants to allow crossing between species with different chromosome number
- used to create dihaploids (super easy way to get F1 hybrid inbred
3
Q
Axillary Shoot Formation
A
- axillary shoots form directly from existing meristems
- the initial explant is a shoot tip or stem piece (1, 2, or 3 nodes)
- the most stable form
- 2 types:
- meristem culture
- shoot culture
4
Q
Bioreactor
A
- are automated systems for production of callus
- can be used to produce: enzymes, medicines, natural flavors, colors
- but mainly done with fungal or bacterial cultures
5
Q
Callus Culture
A
- callus can be derived from any tissue explant
- callus = undifferenciated tissue
- uses: research, breeding, genetic transformation studies. callus cells can be used to produce enzymes, medicines, natural flavors, and colors
- 4 types:
- stationary callus culture
- suspension callus culture
- bioreactors
- protoplasts
6
Q
Cell Culture
A
- also called callus cultures (stationary)
- structures formed: callus
- explant source: any vegetative tissue
- uses: callus cultures are used for research, breeding, and genetic transformation studies. callus cells can be used to produce enzymes, medicines, natural flavors, and colors
7
Q
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis
A
- somatic embryos form right into tissues
- explant source: embryo, seedling or leaf. somatic embryos form directly from cells in the original explant
- uses:
- can be used to regenerate copies of the original mother plant or recovery of plants that have been genetically transformed
8
Q
Embryo Culture
A
- type of seedling formation
- mature embryos germinate easily in tissue culture to form embryps
- almost any seed/embryo can be germinated in tissue culture
- used for:
- research
- to create understocks for micrografting
- sometimes for propagation
9
Q
Embryo Rescue
A
- immature embryos are removed from the ovule before they abort
- primarily used in breeding to rescure embryos from interspecific crpsses
- these crosses are initially successful and embryo forms but the endosperm does not
- so this is replacing the missing endosperm with culture medium
- explant source: isolation of immature embryos
- uses:
- primarily for breeding interspecific crosses. these crosses usually fail to set seed, but early embryo development can occur. embryos commplete their development in tissue culture
10
Q
Heterotrophic
A
- when an explant relies on a sugar source to produce new shoots
11
Q
Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis
A
- has to form a callus first
- the explant source: any plant part. somatic embryos form after explant is induced to form callus
- uses:
- to regenerate clonal copies of the mother plant or genetically transformed plants
- has the greatest potential for mass propagation through synthetic seeds
12
Q
Meristem Culture
A
- a procedure to eliminate diseases from plants
- b/s meristem is usually disease free
- uses a very small piece of tissue from the shoot tip as the initial explant
- including meristem dome and a few subtending leaf primordia
- regeneration method: type of axillary shoot formation
- structures formed: plantlet formation
- explant source: shoot tip less than 1 mm in size
- uses:
- initially developed as a micropropagation system
- but now mostly used for virus elimination
13
Q
Micrografting
A
- .an alternative to meristem culture
- small scion shoot tip usually grafted to a seedling understock
- for production of disease-free plants, studying grafting problems, propagation method, rejuvenation
- mainly used to send germplasm between countries
14
Q
Micropropagation
A
- is a form of tissue culture used to regenerate (propagate) new plants
- developmental stages:
- Establishment: placing tissue into culture and having it initiate microshoots
- Shoot multiplication: inducing multuple shoot production
- Root formation: initiating roots on microcuttings
- Acclimatization: gradually moving plants to open-air conditions
15
Q
Minitubers
A
- a speciality type of axillary shoot formation
- potato plants in culture can form minitubers at the end of small stolons
- minitubers can be produced in plants that naturally form tubers like potatoes and yam
- each minituber can be used as a propagule
- in tropics/subtropics, ave to speciality store the big tubers for a year till plant again, not economically feasiable so either do true seeds or minitubers
- these storage organs can be removed and used in the production of virus-free planting stock
16
Q
Nodal Cultures
A
- a type of axillary shoot formation
- long shoots are cut into single nodes and placed vertically in the medium
- axillary buds at each node elongate and grow in length. the pattern is repeated by again cutting into nodal segments at each subculture
- used with species with strong apical dominance - very species dependant
18
Q
Protoplast
A
- are isolated signle cells from which the cell wall has been removed by fungal enzymes
- take plant cell and remove cell walls
- used for:
- basic research
- breeding
- two protoplasts can fuse to form a single cell
- the nuclei combine
- form a single new genotype
- this is a way to bypass natural sexual incompatibility
- new cells form and shoots can be regenerated from the resultant cells
19
Q
Pseudocorms
A
- a type of speciality axillary shoot formation
- this is speciality for orchids
- the growing points of orchids in culture form pseudocorms
- pseudocorms can be subcultured topropagate orchids
- orchids in culture can continue to produce cluster of pseudocorms
23
Q
Stool Shoot Culture
A
- a type of axillary shoot formation
- a shoot with several nodes is layered horizontally on the medium. lateral growing points form a thicket of small vertical growing shoots
- these “layers” may be subdivided at each subculture or the entire unit transferred to a new culture vessel when the medium is exhausted
- structures formed: plantlets
- often done because of apical dominance
27
Q
Shoot Culture
A
- the most common form of micropropagation
- uses a portion of the stem with one to several nodes
- 3 main types:
- axillary branching
- nodal cultures
- stool shoots
- some speciality types:
- pseudocorms
- minitubers
- micrografting
28
Q
Axillary Branching
A
- a type of axillary shoot formation
- the apical shoot tip os repressed and lateral shoots are stimulated to form a dense clump of shoots
- the clump is seperated into smaller clumps during subculture
