Tissue and organ systems

Question 1

Animal structure hierarchy?

Answer 1

Cellular level
tissue level
organic level
organ system level
organism level

Question 2

The cell?

Answer 2

Basic unit of living matter separated from the environment by plasma membrane

Question 3

Function of heart muscle cell?

Answer 3

to contract and relax in a coordinated way with the other heart muscle cells (branched cells: connections)

Question 4

What is tissue?

Answer 4

Formed by thousands of cells cooperation to perform a specific function

Question 5

What is an organ?

Answer 5

Several types of tissues, including muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue cooperating to perform a specific function

Question 6

What is a system?

Answer 6

Multiple parts: heart, blood vessels
(arteries, veins, capillaries)
 Coordination to carry out a common function: transporting blood throughout the body

Question 7

What is an organism?

Answer 7

Several systems functioning together as an

integrated, cooperative unit

Question 8

Higher levels?

Answer 8

Studied in Ecology: population (group of organisms of same species), community (group of organisms of different species)

Question 9

4 major categories on animal tissue?

Answer 9

1. Epithelial tissue (4 types)
2. Connective tissues (6 types)
3. Muscle tissues (3 types)
4. Nervous tissues (2 main cell types)
   

Question 10

Epithelial tissue definition?

Answer 10

Sheets of closely packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs

Question 11

Epithelial tissue location?

Answer 11

Outer surface of Body, lines internal organs (e.g. digestive tract)

Question 12

Epithelial tissue organisation?

Answer 12

Free surface / other surface anchored to underlying tissues by basement membrane

Question 13

Epithelial tissue 3 functions?

Answer 13

1. Protection: skin protects against fluid loss, physical insult, microbial barrier
2. Absorption: Oxygen in the lungs, nutrients in the digestive tract
3. Secretion: glands (e.g. tears, sweat)

Question 14

Classification on epithelial tissue based on number of cells?

Answer 14

Number of cell layers:

simple epithelium = single layer

stratified epithelium = one layer touches basement membrane + additional layers on top

Question 15

Classification on epithelial tissue based on shape of cells?

Answer 15

Squamous cells (floor tiles) Cuboidal cells (dices) Columnar cells (columns)

Question 16

Epithelial tissue and its structure in relation to function?

Answer 16

1. Simple squamous epithelium:
   thin for gas exchange, e.g. lining air
   chambers of the lung
2. Simple columnar epithelium: large amount cytoplasm for secretory products, one layer for absorption; e.g. in stomach
3. Simple cuboidal epithelium: e.g. in kidney
4. Stratified squamous epithelium:
   regenerates rapidly by division of cells at attached surface. Upper cells slough off and are replaced by new cells. Line surfaces subject to abrasion (e.g. oesophagous and rough food, epidermis and physical injury)
   

Question 17

Connective tissue definition?

Answer 17

Tissue consisting of cells held in a nonliving matrix produced by them

Question 18

connective tissue types (6)?

Answer 18

6 Types:

• Loose Connective tissue - Adipose tissue
• Blood
• Fibrous connective tissue - Cartilage
• Bone

Question 19

Loose connective tissue?

Answer 19

• most widely distributed connective tissue
• attaches epithelia to underlying tissues (e.g. skin to underlying muscles), different types of fibres
• packing material to hold organs in place

Question 20

Adipose tissue?

Answer 20

• protects and insulates body from weather extremes,
  stores energy
• each cell contains fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when fat is used as a fuel

Question 21

Blood tissue?

Answer 21

• cells (red & white blood cells, platelets) in a liquid matrix (water, minerals, dissolved proteins) called plasma
• not secreted by the cells as for the other matrices

Question 22

Fibrous tissue?

Answer 22

fibers - Matrix of densely packed bundles of collagen

- Forms tendons (connection muscle - bone) and ligaments (connection bone - bone)

Question 23

Cartilage?

Answer 23

• high in collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix: strong but flexible
• surrounds ends of bones, supports ears and nose, forms disk between vertebrae

Question 24

Bone tissue?

Answer 24

• Cells (living tissue) in mineralised (hard) matrix of collagen fibers (not brittle)
• Repeating circular unit, each with a hollow central canal through which circulate blood
  vessels and nerves.

Question 25

Muscle tissue definition?

Answer 25

cells (muscle fibres) capable of contraction

Question 26

Three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 26

- Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle

Question 27

Skeletal muscle?

Answer 27

- attached to bones by tendons - responsible for voluntary mvts - = striated muscle because of appearance under the microscope (alternating light and dark bands) - Fixed number of skeletal muscle cells in adults (exercise enlarges cells, doesn’t increase their number)

Question 28

Cardiac Muscle?

Answer 28

- contractile tissue of the heart - nuclei in the center of the cell - striated muscle with branched cells, joined together, relaying signals to contract during the heartbeat.

Question 29

Smooth Muscle?

Answer 29

- no striations - walls of digestive tract, arteries, (involuntary muscles) - spindle shaped cells, contract slowly but for longer.