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BME 510 > Tissue and Organ systems > Flashcards

Tissue and Organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group or layer of similar cells which together perform certain special functions

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2
Q

For a tissue, does function follow form or form follow function, and why?

A

Function follows form, since they assemble to perform a specific function

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3
Q

How are all tissues and organs similar?

A

They are composed of almost the same cells (same progenitor/stem cells)

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4
Q

How are all tissues and organs different?

A

Based on their form, which gives rise to different functions

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5
Q

What determines phase differences in different tissues?

A

The adhesion forces present

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6
Q

Which stem cells are pluripotent?

A

Embryonic stem cells

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7
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

They can develop into most tissues/organs

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8
Q

What are some examples of specialized cells?

A

Myocytes, osteocytes, RBCs, epithelial cells, etc.

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9
Q

How many specialized cells are there?

A

~200

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10
Q

What is an organ?

A

A somewhat independent body part that performs a special function

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11
Q

What do different mechanical/biochemical cues lead to in adult stem cells?

A

Genetic “re-programming” (different cells)

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12
Q

Why are cell interactions important to study>

A

They describe how structures self-assemble, and cooperative phenomena (emergent properties)

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13
Q

What are biofilaments?

A

Building blocks of cells/tissues

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14
Q

What are some examples of biofilaments?

A

dsDNA, actin, and microtubules

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15
Q

What is dsDNA?

A

Two DNA strands stuck together

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16
Q

What are actin filaments?

A

6 nm thick proteins that assemble from actin monomers

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17
Q

What do actin filaments do?

A

Form much of cytoskeleton, tracks for myosin motors to move and generate forces

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18
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Stiff 24 nm hollow cylindrical tubes from alpha/beta tubulin monomers

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19
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Structural role in cells, tracks for highways for motor proteins

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20
Q

At nm scales, what is the property of biofilaments?

A

Stiff

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21
Q

Which biofilaments are the most stiff?

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

How can dsDNA and actin be bent?

A

By thermal fluctuations

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23
Q

What is the length of actin in vivo?

A

1-3 um

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24
Q

What is the length of microtubules in vivo?

A

10 um

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25
Structurally, what are folded proteins similar to?
A hard plastic
26
Structurally, what is bone similar to?
Steel
27
What is persistence length?
The distance that a biofilament bends by a radian (57 degrees) by random thermal fluctuations
28
What is the persistent length of dsDNA?
50 nm
29
What is the persistent length of actin?
20 um
30
What is the persistent length of tubulin?
1 mm
31
What is the equation for the force constant of a biofilament?
f0 = pi*r^2*E
32
What does the force constant represent?
The force needed to double the length of the rod (if valid for larger extensions)
33
What is the equation for stretching energy of a rod?
The integral from 0 to delta L of f d(delta L)
34
For pure bending, what is R?
Radius of curvature
35
For pure bending, what is r?
Radius of filament
36
For pure bending, what is the length of the outer edge?
L(1+r/R) (tension)
37
For pure bending, what is the length of the inner edge?
L(1-r/R) (compression)
38
For pure bending, what is the length of the midline?
L (unchanged)
39
What is the equation for local stretch energy?
Estretch / Volume = f0 (delta L)^2 / (2*L*V)
40
What is the equation for bending energy of a rod?
Integrate strain energy (Estretch) along cross section of rod
41
What is B?
The bending constant of a rod with circular cross-section
42
What is the formula for B?
B = (pi/4)*(Er^4)
43
What is the equation for bending energy in terms of B?
Ebend/L = B/(2r^2)
44
What are the units of B?
Energy * length (J*m) or force*area (N*m^2)
45
What is morphogenesis?
The process by which the form of an embryo is formed
46
What is organogenesis?
The organ rudiments segregate and develop into organs
47
What are organ rudiments called?
Anlagens
48
What is differentiation?
The gradual change in cells to acquire a distinctive structure/function
49
What happens when cells differentiate further?
Their ability to differentiate into different things becomes restricted
50
What hierarchy is present during embryogenesis?
Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ systems
51
What is fertilization?
Union of egg/sperm to form a zygote
52
What happens during days 2-4 of embryogenesis?
Cleavage
53
What happens during cleavage in embryogeneiss?
Cell multiplication, size remains the same
54
What is the consequence of cleavage in embryogenesis?
V decreases, SA/V increases, influences diffusion and transport
55
What happens during day 6 of embryogenesis?
Blastocyst forms
56
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball / sphere of cells
57
What is the importance of the blastula?
Source of embryonic stem cells
58
What is gastrulation?
The motion of cells from blastula (cavity) to different germ layers
59
What germ layers arise during gastrulation?
Ectoderm (outside), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inside)
60
What does the inner cell mass form?
The embryo
61
What does the outer cell mass form?
The tropoblast forms the placents
62
When does gastrulation take place?
Around day 10
63
What happens at day 14 of embryogenesis?
Formation of 4 major cell functions
64
What does the mesoderm differentiate into?
Connective / muscle tissue
65
What does ectoderm and endoderm differentiate into?
Neural and epithelial tissue
66
What is neuralation?
Establish anlagens, develop along axis o establish body plan (axis of symmetry)
67
What is formed during neuralation?
The neural plate and the neural tube (along craniocaudal axis)
68
How does morphogenesis arise?
Cell motility (contractile elements of cytoskeleton)
69
How do cells move?
1. Protrusion of filopodia (actin polymerization) 2. Formation of focal contacts (anchor) 3. Retraction of trailing edge (contraction and passive recoil due to elasticity)
70
What is the structure of cuboidal epithelium?
Joined at apices by circumferential junctions (bundle of filaments)
71
What change in geometry can epithelial cells undergo during morphogenesis?
"Purse string contraction"
72
How is an apical bundle modeled?
Viscoelastic: spring and dashpot
73
How does the apical filament trigger?
When the circumference reaches a certain threshold, it fires, resulting in a new, shorter resting length
74
How does change in one cell propagate?
It changes the neighboring shapes, causing their own contractions

BME 510 (2 decks)

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