Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BME 510 > Tissue and Organ systems > Flashcards

Tissue and Organ systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group or layer of similar cells which together perform certain special functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

For a tissue, does function follow form or form follow function, and why?

A

Function follows form, since they assemble to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are all tissues and organs similar?

A

They are composed of almost the same cells (same progenitor/stem cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are all tissues and organs different?

A

Based on their form, which gives rise to different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What determines phase differences in different tissues?

A

The adhesion forces present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which stem cells are pluripotent?

A

Embryonic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

They can develop into most tissues/organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of specialized cells?

A

Myocytes, osteocytes, RBCs, epithelial cells, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many specialized cells are there?

A

~200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an organ?

A

A somewhat independent body part that performs a special function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do different mechanical/biochemical cues lead to in adult stem cells?

A

Genetic “re-programming” (different cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are cell interactions important to study>

A

They describe how structures self-assemble, and cooperative phenomena (emergent properties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are biofilaments?

A

Building blocks of cells/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of biofilaments?

A

dsDNA, actin, and microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is dsDNA?

A

Two DNA strands stuck together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are actin filaments?

A

6 nm thick proteins that assemble from actin monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do actin filaments do?

A

Form much of cytoskeleton, tracks for myosin motors to move and generate forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Stiff 24 nm hollow cylindrical tubes from alpha/beta tubulin monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Structural role in cells, tracks for highways for motor proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

At nm scales, what is the property of biofilaments?

A

Stiff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which biofilaments are the most stiff?

A

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can dsDNA and actin be bent?

A

By thermal fluctuations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the length of actin in vivo?

A

1-3 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the length of microtubules in vivo?

A

10 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Structurally, what are folded proteins similar to?

A

A hard plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Structurally, what is bone similar to?

A

Steel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is persistence length?

A

The distance that a biofilament bends by a radian (57 degrees) by random thermal fluctuations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the persistent length of dsDNA?

A

50 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the persistent length of actin?

A

20 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the persistent length of tubulin?

A

1 mm

31
Q

What is the equation for the force constant of a biofilament?

A

f0 = pir^2E

32
Q

What does the force constant represent?

A

The force needed to double the length of the rod (if valid for larger extensions)

33
Q

What is the equation for stretching energy of a rod?

A

The integral from 0 to delta L of f d(delta L)

34
Q

For pure bending, what is R?

A

Radius of curvature

35
Q

For pure bending, what is r?

A

Radius of filament

36
Q

For pure bending, what is the length of the outer edge?

A

L(1+r/R) (tension)

37
Q

For pure bending, what is the length of the inner edge?

A

L(1-r/R) (compression)

38
Q

For pure bending, what is the length of the midline?

A

L (unchanged)

39
Q

What is the equation for local stretch energy?

A

Estretch / Volume = f0 (delta L)^2 / (2LV)

40
Q

What is the equation for bending energy of a rod?

A

Integrate strain energy (Estretch) along cross section of rod

41
Q

What is B?

A

The bending constant of a rod with circular cross-section

42
Q

What is the formula for B?

A

B = (pi/4)*(Er^4)

43
Q

What is the equation for bending energy in terms of B?

A

Ebend/L = B/(2r^2)

44
Q

What are the units of B?

A

Energy * length (Jm) or forcearea (N*m^2)

45
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

The process by which the form of an embryo is formed

46
Q

What is organogenesis?

A

The organ rudiments segregate and develop into organs

47
Q

What are organ rudiments called?

A

Anlagens

48
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The gradual change in cells to acquire a distinctive structure/function

49
Q

What happens when cells differentiate further?

A

Their ability to differentiate into different things becomes restricted

50
Q

What hierarchy is present during embryogenesis?

A

Cells –> Tissues –> Organs –> Organ systems

51
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Union of egg/sperm to form a zygote

52
Q

What happens during days 2-4 of embryogenesis?

A

Cleavage

53
Q

What happens during cleavage in embryogeneiss?

A

Cell multiplication, size remains the same

54
Q

What is the consequence of cleavage in embryogenesis?

A

V decreases, SA/V increases, influences diffusion and transport

55
Q

What happens during day 6 of embryogenesis?

A

Blastocyst forms

56
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball / sphere of cells

57
Q

What is the importance of the blastula?

A

Source of embryonic stem cells

58
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The motion of cells from blastula (cavity) to different germ layers

59
Q

What germ layers arise during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm (outside), mesoderm (middle), and endoderm (inside)

60
Q

What does the inner cell mass form?

A

The embryo

61
Q

What does the outer cell mass form?

A

The tropoblast forms the placents

62
Q

When does gastrulation take place?

A

Around day 10

63
Q

What happens at day 14 of embryogenesis?

A

Formation of 4 major cell functions

64
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Connective / muscle tissue

65
Q

What does ectoderm and endoderm differentiate into?

A

Neural and epithelial tissue

66
Q

What is neuralation?

A

Establish anlagens, develop along axis o establish body plan (axis of symmetry)

67
Q

What is formed during neuralation?

A

The neural plate and the neural tube (along craniocaudal axis)

68
Q

How does morphogenesis arise?

A

Cell motility (contractile elements of cytoskeleton)

69
Q

How do cells move?

A
  1. Protrusion of filopodia (actin polymerization)
  2. Formation of focal contacts (anchor)
  3. Retraction of trailing edge (contraction and passive recoil due to elasticity)
70
Q

What is the structure of cuboidal epithelium?

A

Joined at apices by circumferential junctions (bundle of filaments)

71
Q

What change in geometry can epithelial cells undergo during morphogenesis?

A

“Purse string contraction”

72
Q

How is an apical bundle modeled?

A

Viscoelastic: spring and dashpot

73
Q

How does the apical filament trigger?

A

When the circumference reaches a certain threshold, it fires, resulting in a new, shorter resting length

74
Q

How does change in one cell propagate?

A

It changes the neighboring shapes, causing their own contractions

BME 510 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions