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Mammalian physiology > Tissue and bone growth, calcium balance > Flashcards

Tissue and bone growth, calcium balance Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bones

A

Storage
hematopoiesis
protection
movement

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2
Q

types of bones

A

Long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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3
Q

What two structures make up bones

A

Cancellous( spongy) and compact bones

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4
Q

Describe compact bone

A

dense and solid

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5
Q

describe cancellous bones

A

open spaces

filled with needle-like structures

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6
Q

parts of long bones

A 
Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Periosteum 
medullary ( bone marrow) cavity
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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

main shaft of long bones
hollow cylindrical shape and thick compact bone
they provide strength minus the weight.

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

bulbous
made of spongy bone
found on both ends of longs bones.
Provide attachment for muscles and joints

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9
Q

articular cartilge

A

layer of hyaline cartilage found on epiphyses to cushion jots and blows.

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10
Q

periosteum

A
  • dense white fibrous membrane that covers the bone.
  • attaches tendons firmly to bones
  • contains blood vessels important for growth and repair
  • essential bone for survival and bone fomation
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11
Q

Medullary cavity

A

tubelike hollow filled with marrow

Lined by endosteum:

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12
Q

Endosteum

A

a thing epithelial layer that lines the medullary cavity

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13
Q

characteristics of short flat and irregular bones

A

The inside is cancellous bone and outside is compact bones
Spaces inside the cancellous bone of irregular bones are filled with red marrow
- Large amounts of red bone marrow are found in flat bones of ribs, pelvis and skull

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14
Q

What makes up the bones matrix

A

inorganic salts

organic matrix

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15
Q

what inorganic salts are found in the bones matrix

A
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals made of phosphate and calcium
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16
Q

characteristics of inorganic salts in the bone matrix

A
  • it is found in collagen fibres
  • it is about 10% calcium carbonate
  • they are slender needle like crystals
  • magnesium and sodium are also found in it.
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17
Q

What role do inrganic salts play in the bone matrix

A

meant to effectively resist stress and mechanical deformations

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18
Q

what makes the organic matrix

A

It is secreted by the bone cells called osteoblasts which then become imprisoned in the matrix

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19
Q

what is ground substance made of

A

collagenous fibes and mixtures of proteins and polysaccharides which form the gelatanous substance

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20
Q

What is the importance of ground substance

A
  • Imprisoning organic matrix substances
  • important in the healing and restoring as it acts as a medium for diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste
  • Gives bone its rigidity by combining with calcium
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21
Q

structure of compact bones

A

4 layers

  • lamella
  • Lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • Haversian canal
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22
Q

describe the 4 layers of the compact bone

A

lamella - concentric rings that are islands of calcified matrix. They change with growth like tree rings.

lacunae- small spaces that contain tissue fluid in which bone cells are located between hard layers of lamella

canaliculi- small canals that radiate and connect osteocytes and to the haversian canal

Harvesian canal- extends lengthwise through the center if each osteon and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

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23
Q

Do cancellous bones have osteons

A

no they do not

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24
Q

what do cancellous bones have instead of osteons

A

tribeculae- needle

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25
Q

how are nutrients delivered and waste removed from compact bone

A

diffusion through tiny canaliculi

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26
Q

how do bony spicules enhance the bones strength

A

they are arranged along a line of stress

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27
Q

Explain how the bone help in storage

A

The bone serves as a depot for stored calcium. Osteoblast deposit calcium as they create new bone matrix

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28
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

they break down matrix during bone resorption,

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29
Q

types of bone cells

A

Osteoblast

osteoclast

30
Q

characteristics of osteoclasts

A

giant multinucleated cells responsible for the erosion of bone mineral
t

31
Q

how are osteoclasts formed

A

by the fusion of several precursor cells this is why they are multinucleated

32
Q

how are osteoclsts formed

A

from stems cells in the bone marrow that attach to bone surface by integrins

33
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A
  • they bring about the formation of new bone
  • facilitate the deposition and exchange of calcium
  • determine the osteoclast formation through the RANKL receptor ligand system.
34
Q

what are Osteoclasts

A

Giant multinucleated cells

35
Q

what do osteoclasts do?

A

they are responsible for the erosion of bone minerals

36
Q

How are osteoclasts formed

A

by the fusion of different precursor cells and this is why they are multiuclaeated
These cells are stems cells of the bone marrow that attach to the surface of integrins

37
Q

what are osteocytes

A

these are trapped osteoblasts that are trapped int he surrounding bone matrix

38
Q

why is long bone hollow

A

to provide for a less cumbersome weight

39
Q

does the epiphyses have marrow or not?

A

yes it does

40
Q

what is one function of the periosteum in terms of tendones

A

it attaches tendons firmly to the bone

41
Q

what part of the bone is filled with yellow marrow in adults

A

medullary cavity

42
Q

what is the medullary cavity lined by

A

endosteum

43
Q

do all irregular and flat bones have red marrow in them

A

no, just a few of them do and it is mostly in flat bones like ribs, pelvis and skull

44
Q

what bone cells excrete the organic matrix

A

osteoblasts, they become imprisoned in the matrix

45
Q

what is ground substance

A

a part of the organic matrix that is a gelatanous material formed from collagenous fibres and a mixture of proteins and polysaccharides

46
Q

what are some functions of organic matrix

A

it is important in bone growth and maintance as it acts as a medium for the diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic wastes.
- It combines with calcium to give bone its rigidity

47
Q

Where in compact bone are bone cells located

A

In the tissue fluid in lacunae between layers of lamella

48
Q

what connects osteocytes together and to the haversian canal

A

Canaliculi. This connection to the haversian canal allows for the excretion and absorption of nutrients

49
Q

how are nutrients and wastes delivered and taken away from cancellous bone

A

through canaliculi radiating from bone cells

50
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone

A

they secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve the bone

51
Q

what are the activators for the PANKL differentiation process

A
  • Parathyroid hormone from the thyroid glands
52
Q

what is an inhibiter for the RANKL differentiation system

A

Estrogen acting via osteoprotegrin

Calcitonin

53
Q

what cells and processes control the amount of calcium in the blood

A

esteoblast leads to decrease in calcium levels in blood by reabsorbing it into the bone.
Esteoclasts leads to the increase in calcium levels in the bloods by releasing it during bone breakdown

54
Q

Factors that affect bone balance

A

age
disease
diet
medications

55
Q

How does PTH help with the up regulation of calcium levels in the blood in response to low Ca+ in the plasma

A

1- encourages reabsorption of Ca+ in the kidney
2- Encourages bone break down/erosion which results in the release of Ca+ into the blood
3- it stimulates the release of calcitrol which encourages the absorption of calcium in the intestines

56
Q

describe the action of calcitonin

A

It is released by the thyroid hormone and it encourages loss of Ca+ in the urine and the action of osteoblasts

57
Q

how does vitamin D work to put Ca+ in the bones

A

It encourages the reabsoption on Ca in the Kidney
It stimulates Osteoblast activity
In the intestines it increases the synthesis of of calcium binding proteins on intestinal cells

58
Q

A vitamin D difficiency may result in…

A

Rickets in children

Osteomalacia in adults

59
Q

what is a fetus’s skeleton made of

A

cartilage which is later replaced with a calcified bone matrix

60
Q

Osteogenesis in children and adults

A

in children there is high activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts and calcification which is the laying down of calcium salts.

61
Q

how does exercise help people have stronger bones

A

It stimulates Osteoblasts to produce more collagen and this makes for stronger bones

62
Q

mention the twi 2 mechanisms for for bone formation

A

intramembranous- some flat bones, no cartilage

Endochondrial- Cartilage, vascular, long and flat bones

63
Q

Intramembranous bone formation

A

it is less common and does not start with cartilage. Some flat bones like the skull and jaw line form this way.
They lay mesechymal cells which differentiate and start to lay bone around them
It begins in connective membrane, mesechymal cells migrate to site of formation and differentiate into osteoblasts these cluster together in ossification sites and release matrix materuak abd collagenous fibrils.
mineralization then occurs and when the organic strands when mineralised are called trabecula

64
Q

Endochondral bone development

A

Mesechymal cells migrate to region of bone formation and differentiate to chondrocytes which then differentiate into a hard avascular mass in the shape of the bone that is to be formed
periosteum covers the cartilage and its inner surface differentiates into osteoblasts which make acollar around the cartilage
Primary ossification centers form and blood vessels enter the cartilage through the center of the diaphysis and the bone grows as ossification occurs in the diaphysis outward

65
Q

As endochondral bone formation is occuring what happens to the epiphyseal plate

A

It stays between the diaphysis and the epiphysis and bone has grown to its full length

66
Q

what five layers makeup the epiohyseal plate

A 
zone of resting cartilage
Proliferation
hypertrophy
calcification 
diaphysis
67
Q

mechanism of estrogen on bones

A

estrogen causes osteoblasts to produce TGF-beta which then causes them to produce osteoprotegrin which bines to RANKL and this prevents preosteoclasts from binding to RANK and forming osteocytes. This stops resoption.

68
Q

what happens when there is less estrogen in the body

A

Bone resorption increases

69
Q

Osteoporosis symptomes

A

vertabrae, wrist and hip fructures
Lower back pain, neck pain and tenderness
Stooping over

70
Q

Osteoporosis drugs

A

uscalcitonine of drugs like
Raloxifene and calcitriol

or estrogen therapy and EXERCISE

Mammalian physiology (3 decks)

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