Tissue Adaptation and Cell Injury

Question 1

all body functions depend on the ______ of the cell

Answer 1

integrity

Question 2

the study of how either the nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or plasma membrane loses its integrity

Answer 2

pathophysiology

Question 3

cell or system reacts to restore normal function

Answer 3

cellular adaptation

Question 4

decrease in cell size

Answer 4

atrophy

Question 5

increase in cell size

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

increase in cell number

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

change of one cell type for another

Answer 7

metaplasia

Question 8

deranged cell growth; change in size and shape

Answer 8

dysplasia

Question 9

5 typical causes of cell injury

Answer 9

physical agents, radiation, chemical, biological, nutritional imbalances

Question 10

three basic categories can describe the mechanisms of cell injury:

Answer 10

free radical formation, hypoxia, and increased calcium in cells

Question 11

formation is normal but becomes a problem in large amounts that the body can’t handle

Answer 11

free radical formation

Question 12

lipid per oxidation of membranes, DNA fragmentation, and protein cross-linking are all examples of

Answer 12

free radical formation

Question 13

5 ways free radicals can be neutralized

Answer 13

spontaneous decay, superoxide dismitase, glutathione, catalase, endogenous and exogenous antioxidants

Question 14

Radium is a naturally occurring _____ metal

Answer 14

radioactive

Question 15

Why was Radium bad?

Answer 15

it was more readily taken up in the bones than calcium, so started replacing it

Question 16

deprives cell of oxygen and interrupts metabolism

Answer 16

hypoxia

Question 17

there is often a narrow range of time between reversible and irreversible injury due to _______ conditions

Answer 17

hypoxic

Question 18

5 typical causes of hypoxia

Answer 18

inadequate oxygen in the air, respiratory disease, ischemia, anemia, edema

Question 19

5 typical effects of hypoxia

Answer 19

cellular pH falls due to lactic acid buildup; failure of Na+/K+ pumps leads to swelling of cell; loss of essential enzymes, proteins and RNA; leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cell leading to digestion of cellular contents; leakage of cellular contents into extracellular fluid

Question 20

decreased aerobic metabolism means there is less ______ activity, causing _______

Answer 20

ATPase; leakage

Question 21

increased anaerobic metabolism causes ______ ____ production

Answer 21

lactic acid

Question 22

Problems arise when Ca2+ ______ in the cell as Ca2+ activates several enzymes

Answer 22

accumulates

Question 23

Ca2+ accumulating in the cell can cause cell membrane and cytoskeleton _____

Answer 23

damage

Question 24

impaired calcium homeostasis can lead to _______ cell injury

Answer 24

irreversible

Question 25

does not result in cell death; return to normal function; resolution of energy

Answer 25

reversible cell injury

Question 26

occurs as a result of not only one sublethal cell injury, but also normal cell function

Answer 26

cellular manifestations

Question 27

2 examples of clinical manifestations

Answer 27

signs and symptoms

Question 27

programmed cell death; eliminate worn out of damaged cells so they can be replaced

Answer 27

apoptosis

Question 28

unregulated cell death; loss of membrane integrity with degradation products into surrounding tissue

Answer 28

necrosis

Question 29

brain death; flat EEG for a specified length of time; other organs still working

Answer 29

somatic death

Question 30

sustained contraction of muscle due to lack of cellular metabolism (no ATP) and influx of Ca2+

Answer 30

rigor mortis

Question 31

cooling of the body; approaches ambient temperature

Answer 31

algor mortis

Question 32

lividity from gravity acting on blood

Answer 32

livor mortis

Question 33

the body begins dissolving itself

Answer 33

autolysis