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Medicine for the Engineer - Exam 1 > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue

Muscle tissue

Nerve tissue

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What’s the definition of tissue?

A

Group of similar cells whoms intercellular substance are joined together to perform a specific function

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3
Q

What’s the definition of histology?

A

Microscopic study of the structure of tissues and their function

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4
Q

What’s the definition of pathology?

A

The study of structural changes caused by a disease

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5
Q

Where do you find the epithelial tissue?

A
  • Covering/Lining (hollow organs, body cavities and ducts)

- Glandular (secretion in glands)

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6
Q

What are the properties of the epithelial tissue?

A
  • Has cilia and microvilli as specilization, ex clearing mucus out of lungs
  • The cells are always tightly connected with cell-to-cell adhesion to their cytoskeletons. Adhesion made of intermediate filaments tangled in the microfilament cytoskel.
  • Always one free surface
  • Communicate with gap junctions
  • The cells are polarized. Apical domain in the top and Basolateral domain in the bottom with the nucleus.
  • Connected to the basement membrane from basolateral domain. Basement membrane is made out of Basal lamina and Reticular lamina. Then comes the connective tissue.
  • High mitotic activity, meaning cell division. Therefore higher risk of cancer.
  • Lack blood vessels, avascular
  • Have nerves, sends sensory information
  • High cellularity, meaning there are many of them
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7
Q

What are the classifications of the epithelial tissue in terms of shapes and layers?

A

Shapes: Squamous _ Cuboidal o Columnar U

Layers: 1 Simple epithelia. 2 Stratified. Can be pseudostratified when one layer where the nuclei are at different heights, looks like stratified in electron microscope.

They can be either with or without cilia.

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8
Q

What are the different types of simple Squamous epith tissue, and where do we find it?

A

Endothelium, interior surface of blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Mesothelium, interior surface in ex thoracic cav, adbominal cav (peritonium), and heart sac.

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9
Q

What are the different types of simple Columnar epith tissue, and where do we find it?

A

Ciliated, tracea (pseudo) and uterine tube.

Nonciliated, GI tract (has microvilli instead).

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10
Q

Where do we find simple cuboidal epith tissue?

A

Kidneys

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11
Q

Stratified Squamous epith tissue can be of two different kinds, what are they?

A

Keratinized, dead surface cells on outermost layer of skin.

Nonkeratinized, in vagina.

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12
Q

Where do we find stratified Cuboidal epith tissue?

A

In the esophageal glands.

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13
Q

Where do we find stratified Columnar epith tissue?

A

Pharynx (svalg)

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14
Q

What is transitional epithelium and where do we find it?

A

Thick layer of cells in bladder which enables flexibiliy

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15
Q

Glandular epithelium can secrete with and without ducts, what are these two ways of secretion called?

A

Endocrine (ductless glands, hormones) and exocrine (with ducts, sweat).

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16
Q

There are three types of secretion methods different cell types used, what are these called and how do they work?

A

Merocrine secretion. Simple vesicular transport. Salivary glands.

Apocrine secretion. Pinches of big portion of cells with multiple secretion vesicles in it. Mammary glands (bröstmjölkproducerande celler).

Holocrine secretion. Entire cell, which is filled with secretion vesicles, dies and is replaced. Sebaceous glands (olja till hårsäck).

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17
Q

What are the general functions of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Protects
    • Barrier - dehydration
    • abrasion (water secretion) - cleaning (mucus)
  2. Provide sensation (smell, hearing, vision, touch)
  3. Permeability control (filtration)
    • Absorbs (Gastrointestinal tract)
    • Excretes (Urinary tract)
  4. Secretes from glands (mucus, hormones, enzymes)
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18
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

19
Q

How can nerve tissue be categorized?

A

CNS. Brain and spinal cord.

PNS. The rest of the nerve tissue, motor and sensory nerves. Can be further subcategorized as somatic (voluntary), autonomic (sympathetic and parasymp.), and enteric (GI tract) nervous system. Enteric sometimes part of autonomic subcategory.

20
Q

What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and glial cells (six types).

21
Q

What are tracts, when we speak of nervous tissue?

A

Tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS, connecting different parts of the brain within the white matter.

22
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS

23
Q

What is grey matter in CNS?

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies containing nuclei in the brain. Many axons come out of this as connections.

24
Q

What is white matter in CNS?

A

Areas mainly made up of myelinated axons

25
Q

What is the definition of a stimulus?

What is the definition of an electrical excitability?

A

An environmental change for the sensing organs DENDRITES of the neuron, which is strong enough to trigger an action potential.
Ability to respond to stimuli and convert a stimuli to action potential which travels along the surface of a membrane. Either on or off, there is nothing inbetween.

26
Q

Define the following, axon terminal, node of ranvier, and Schwann cell.

A

Synaptic end of axon, surface of axon between myelin sheets, the name of the cell containing the myelin sheet.

27
Q

Another word for sensory nerves are? What is their function?

Another word for motor nerves are? What is their function?

What are interneurons/intergrative neurons?

A

Afferent nerves. Sensitive to stimuli.

Efferent nerves. Transfer nerve signals to other nerves, muscles or glands.

A nerve cell that connect sensory and motor nerve cells, this is called association.

28
Q

Tell me about glial cells

A
  • No generation or conduction of nerve impulses
  • Supports, nourishes and protects neurons
  • Multiply and divide
  • Myelination
  • 6 types, 4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS
29
Q

What are the different glial cell types, and what are their functions?

A

CNS

  1. Astrocytes. Support MVP. Maintains correct chemical environment. Nurishes. Cleans excess ACh. Assists with migration of neurons during brain development. Helps forming blood-brain barrier.
  2. Ependymal cells. Line ventricles of the brain (cavities w cerebrospinal fluid).
  3. Microglia. Eats threats and dead cells.
  4. Oligodendrocytes. Produces myelin sheets. Forming supporting network.

PNS

  1. Schwann cells. Produce myelin sheet. Help regeneration of axons.
  2. Satellite cells. Supports neurons in PNS ganglia.
30
Q

Which three ions are part the action potential in nerve cells?
On which side of the plasma membrane are they abundant?
What is the resting potential of the membrane?

A

Potassium (K+) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-)

K+ cytoplasm, Na+ and Cl- extracellular

-70 mV in cytosol compared to extracellular

31
Q

What are the four phases of the action potential? (we are talking polarization)

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Depolarization (Absolute refractory period)
  3. Repolarization (Absolute refractory period)
  4. After-hyperpolarization phase (Relative refractory period, can be activated again but threshold higher)
32
Q

Describe the following terms:

  1. Presynaptic neuron
  2. Synaptic end bulb
  3. Synaptic vesicles
  4. Synaptic cleft
  5. Postsynaptic neuron
A
  1. The neuron carrying the AP
  2. The end of the AP-carrying neuron, called synapse
  3. Vesicles carrying neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh)
  4. Distance between pre- and postsynaptic neuron
  5. Neuron receiving the signal (happens at specific trigger zones)
33
Q

What does the nervous tissue provide for us/our system?

A
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Perception
  • Behaviors
  • Memories
  • Voluntary movements
34
Q

What are the properties of connective tissue?

A
  • Never exposed, always below surface
  • Small cells, far apart
  • Common origin, mesenchyme
  • Often good blood supply
  • Found between other tissues
  • Supports/connects tissue types and organs
  • Energy storage
    (This is the most abundant tissue type)
35
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A

Cells (fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblast, adipocytes…)

Protein fibers

  • Collagen fibers (collagen)
  • Elastic fibers (elastin, glycoprotein fibrillin)
  • Reticular fibers (collagen, glycoprotein)

Ground substance (between cells and fibers)

36
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

What are their origin cells?

A

Proper CT (Fibroblast/-cytes)

  • Dense (Regular, irregular, elastic)
  • Loose (Areolar, adipose, reticular)

Supporting CT

  • Cartilage (Hyaline, fibro, elastic) (Chondroblasts/-cytes)
  • Bone (Compact, spongy) (Osteoblasts/-cytes)

Liquid CT

  • Blood (Hematopoietic stem cell, blood cells and macrophages)
  • Lymph
37
Q

Describe areolar loose proper CT.

A

Fiber far apart, leaves open spaces for interstitial fluid. It is strong enough to bind different tissue types together, yet soft enough to provide flexibility and cushioning. Have blood vessels.

38
Q

Describe adipose loose proper CT.

A

Human fat storage. Adipocytes. Has fibroblasts and macrophages among other cells.

39
Q

Describe reticular loose proper CT.

A

Reticular (=net) fibers, made of collagen. Synthesized by fibroblasts.

40
Q

Where do you find regular dense proper CT?

A

Senor.

41
Q

Where do you find irregular dense proper CT?

A

Dermis.

42
Q

Where do you find elastic dense proper CT?

A

Aorta walls

43
Q

Describe the three different types of cartilage supporting CT.

A

Hyaline (glasbrosk) bone is build up by this first in the womb
Fibrocartilage (Trådbrosk, fibröst) discs in vertebrae
Elastic, “ear skeleton”

44
Q

What are the general functions of connective tissue?

A

Is spread everywhere, many different functions

  • Connects, Separates
  • Supports, strengthens
  • Protects (immune systemm)
  • Insulates
  • Stores (energy)
  • Transports (blood)
  • Most are highly vascular/nerves

Medicine for the Engineer - Exam 1 (6 decks)

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