Tissue

Question 1

What is nervous tissue responsible for?

Answer 1

Internal communication and control

Hallmarks: irritable, conductive

Question 2

Where is nervous tissue found?

Answer 2

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Question 3

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

Answer 3

Contracts to cause movement

Hallmarks: irritable, contractile

Question 4

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Answer 4

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 5

What does epithelial tissue do?

Answer 5

Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Hallmarks: one free (apical) surface, avascular

Question 6

Where can epithelial tissue be found?

Answer 6

Lining of GI tract and other hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

Question 7

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 7

Supports, protects, binds other tissues together

Hallmarks: extracellular matrix, varying vascularity

Question 8

What are examples of connective tissue?

Answer 8

Cartilage, bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

Question 9

What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?

Answer 9

By regeneration and by fibrosis

Question 10

What is regeneration in tissue repair?

Answer 10

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

Question 11

What is fibrosis in tissue repair?

Answer 11

Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, forming scar tissue

Question 12

What factors influence the type of tissue repair?

Answer 12

The type of tissue damaged and the severity of the injury

Question 13

What is the body’s general response to tissue injury?

Answer 13

Inflammation, which attempts to prevent further injury

Question 14

What is the immune response in tissue injury?

Answer 14

A specific response that mounts an attack against recognized invaders

Question 15

How do cuts heal compared to ragged tears?

Answer 15

Cuts (incisions) heal much more successfully than ragged tears of the tissue.

Question 16

What initiates the healing process after tissue injury?

Answer 16

Tissue injury sets off a series of events, starting with inflammation.

Question 17

What role do inflammatory chemicals play in healing?

Answer 17

Inflammatory chemicals released by injured tissue cells make capillaries very permeable.

Question 18

What happens to fluid during the healing process?

Answer 18

Fluid rich in clotting proteins seeps into the injured area from the bloodstream.

Question 19

What is the purpose of the clot formed during healing?

Answer 19

The leaked clotting proteins construct a clot that ‘plugs the hole’ to stop blood loss.

Question 20

What is granulation tissue?

Answer 20

Granulation tissue is delicate pink tissue composed largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area.

Question 21

What cells are found in granulation tissue?

Answer 21

Granulation tissue contains phagocytes and fibroblasts.

Question 22

What is the function of fibroblasts in healing?

Answer 22

Fibroblasts produce the building blocks of collagen fibers (scar tissue) to bridge the gap.

Question 23

What is a contracture?

Answer 23

A contracture is a permanent tightening of the skin affecting the underlying tendons or muscles.

Question 24

How do contractures develop?

Answer 24

Contractures develop during the healing process as inelastic fibrous tissue replaces normal elastic connective tissues.

Question 25

What is the final result of the healing process?

Answer 25

The final result is a fully regenerated surface epithelium that covers an underlying area of fibrosis (the scar).

Question 26

How does the ability to regenerate vary among tissue types?

Answer 26

Epithelial tissues regenerate beautifully, while cardiac muscle and nervous tissue regenerate poorly.

Question 27

What is the significance of scar tissue?

Answer 27

Scar tissue is strong but lacks the flexibility of most normal tissues.

Question 28

What happens to muscle and nerve tissue after growth stages?

Answer 28

Muscle and nerve tissue are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over.

Question 29

What is the importance of cell division during childhood and adolescence?

Answer 29

Cell division is extremely important during the body’s growth period, with most cells undergoing mitosis until the end of puberty.

Question 30

What happens to epithelial membranes as the body ages?

Answer 30

Epithelial membranes thin and are more easily damaged, leading to loss of skin elasticity and sagging.

Question 31

What changes occur in exocrine glands as the body ages?

Answer 31

Exocrine glands become less active, producing less oil, mucus, and sweat.

Question 32

What is the term for cells that routinely divide?

Answer 32

Mitotic cells are those that routinely divide, such as skin and intestinal cells.

Question 33

What happens to liver cells as they age?

Answer 33

Liver cells stop dividing but retain the ability to divide if some of them die or become damaged.

Question 34

What changes occur in connective tissue structures with age?

Answer 34

Bones become porous and weaken, tissue repair slows, and muscles begin to waste away.

Question 35

What is amitotic tissue?

Answer 35

Amitotic tissues are those that lose their ability to divide when fully mature, such as heart muscle and nervous tissue.

Question 36

What is a major factor contributing to the aging process?

Answer 36

Decreased efficiency of the circulatory system reduces nutrient and oxygen delivery to body tissues.

Question 37

What happens to cardiac muscle after severe heart attacks?

Answer 37

Damaged cardiac muscle does not regenerate and is replaced by scar tissue, weakening the heart.

Question 38

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 38

A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of proliferating cells that cannot contract, resulting from uncontrolled cell division.

Question 39

What are the two types of neoplasms?

Answer 39

Neoplasms may be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Question 40

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 40

Hyperplasia is the enlargement of certain body tissues due to local irritants or conditions stimulating the cells.

Question 41

What is an example of hyperplasia?

Answer 41

A woman’s breasts enlarge during pregnancy in response to increased hormones.

This is a normal but temporary situation.

Question 42

What is atrophy?

Answer 42

Atrophy is a decrease in size of an organ or body area that loses its normal stimulation.

Question 43

What is an example of atrophy?

Answer 43

The muscles of a broken leg atrophy while in a cast during the healing period.

Question 44

What are some theories about the aging process?

Answer 44

Theories include cumulative effects of chemical insults, external physical factors, and a built-in aging ‘clock’ in our genes.

Question 45

What is a common observation about aging?

Answer 45

Certain traits related to aging can run in families, such as appearance differences among individuals of the same age.