Tissue

Question 1

Epithelial

Answer 1

forms sheets of cells that cover surfaces or line the body cavities. All glands are made up of epithelial tissue.

Question 2

Types of Epithelial

Answer 2

1. covering and lining epithelium – forms the outer layer of the skin, covers the organs of the abdominal cavity and lines open cavities such as the stomach or lungs
   
   2. glandular epithelium – makes up the glands within the body.

Question 3

3 Shapes of Epithelial

Answer 3

1. Squamous (flat)
   
   2. Cuboidal (box)
      
      3. Columnar (pillar)

Question 4

2 arrangements of Epithelial cells

Answer 4

1. Simple epithelium (single layer)

2. Stratified epithelium (layered)

Question 5

Characteristics of epithelial cells

Answer 5

1. they have polarity - an apical and a basal surface
2. they have tight junctions and desmosomes to hold the cells together
3. they are supported by connective tissue
4. they are avascular and innervated (contain no blood vessels but are supplied by nerve fibers)
5. they can regenerate (mitosis)

Question 6

Functions of epithelial cells

Answer 6

• protection, barrier, sweeping
• exchange – diffusion, filtration, absorption
• secretion and excretion
• sensation

Question 7

Glandular epithelium

Answer 7

epithelium has the specialised function of being able to secrete substances. These watery (aqueous) secretions also contain proteins and various other substances depending on the purpose eg saliva or hormones.

Question 8

Endocrine Glandular Epithelium

Answer 8

glands are ductless glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 9

Exocrine Glandular Epithelium

Answer 9

glands secrete their products through a duct to the external surface or into the respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. Secretions from exocrine glands include mucus, saliva, digestive juices and sweat.

Question 10

Connective Tissue

Answer 10

supports, connects or separates different types of tissues and organs.

Question 11

3 main components of connective tissue

Answer 11

1. Fibre (elastic or collagen)
2. Matrix or ground substance
3. Cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes and leucocytes)

Question 12

2 subdivides of connective tissue

Answer 12

1. Connective tissue proper (loose or dense)

2. Special connective tissue (bone, cartilage or blood)

Question 13

Characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 13

• a common origin (mesoderm)
• the cells are spread throughout the extracellular matrix
• a water base with adhesion proteins makes up the ground substance (matrix)
• there are more or fewer fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular) in the matrix
• they are more or less vascular

Question 14

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 14

• binding
• support
• protection
• movement
• insulation
• transport

Question 15

Nervous Tissue

Answer 15

main component of the nervous system and makes up the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) as well as the peripheral nervous system.

Question 16

Two types of cells in the nervous tissue

Answer 16

1. neurons which are highly specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses (messages).
2. neuroglial cells make up the packing and supporting cells in the nervous system.

Question 17

Characteristics of nervous tissue

Answer 17

• specialized structures (long axons) of the neurons to carry impulses
• polarised membranes to generate and conduct impulses
• excitability of the cells (responsiveness)

Question 18

Function of nervous tissue

Answer 18

• integration and communication.

* regulates and controls bodily functions and activities.

Question 19

Muscle Tissue

Answer 19

cells that are capable of contraction and this creates movement.

Question 20

3 Types of muscle tissue

Answer 20

1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth

Question 21

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 21

multinucleated and striated. Muscles have a superficial covering of connective tissue which extends and attach to bone (tendon). Inside the muscle are smaller muscle cell bundles (fasciculus) surrounded by perimysium.

Question 22

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 22

only found in the heart and is responsible for the contraction of the heart. This pumping action allows blood to be circulated. The cardiac muscle functions spontaneously without tiring. The cardiac muscle cells are striated and branched with intercalated discs.

Question 23

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 23

uninucleated and non-striated. It functions spontaneously with long sustained contraction. Smooth muscle is found in the lining of blood vessels, urinary bladder, kidneys, oesophagus and small intestine.

Question 24

Functions of muscle tissue

Answer 24

• movement or locomotion
• transport or movement
• heat production
• support
• shape or framework