Tiroides Flashcards
Describe the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease.
Graves’ disease is characterized by increased synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones due to stimulating antibodies to the TSH receptor, leading to symptoms such as diffuse goitre, thyroid bruit, and ophthalmopathy.
Explain the clinical pointers associated with toxic nodular goitre.
Toxic nodular goitre, also known as Plummer’s disease, presents with an asymmetric, irregular goitre and may have visible or palpable nodules due to single or multiple autonomous adenomas.
Define gestational hyperthyroidism and its causes.
Gestational hyperthyroidism occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy and is often caused by high levels of hCG stimulating the TSH receptor, which can be associated with conditions like hyperemesis gravidarum or multiple pregnancies.
How does iodine-induced hyperthyroidism occur?
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, also known as the Jod-Basedow phenomenon, occurs when there is an excess of iodine substrate in a gland that has underlying autonomous function, often due to excessive iodine or kelp ingestion.
What are the alternative names for Graves’ disease?
Graves’ disease is also known as Basedow disease and diffuse toxic goitre.
Describe the characteristics of gestational trophoblastic disease in relation to hyperthyroidism.
Gestational trophoblastic disease can lead to hyperthyroidism similar to gestational hyperthyroidism, often associated with conditions like hydatidiform mole or trophoblastic tumour.
Explain the significance of somatic activating mutations in the context of toxic adenoma.
Somatic activating mutations in the TSH receptor are significant in toxic adenoma as they contribute to the autonomous function of the thyroid gland, leading to increased hormone production.
What are the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism?
Thyrotoxicosis with hyperthyroidism typically presents with symptoms such as weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, sweating, palpitations, and anxiety.
Describe the condition associated with elevated free T4 and T3 levels along with unsuppressed TSH.
This condition is often related to a pituitary tumor, specifically a pituitary adenoma that secretes TSH.
Explain the role of the TRb gene mutation in thyroid hormone resistance.
A mutation in the TRb gene can lead to thyroid hormone resistance, which may manifest as symptoms like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tachycardia, and diffuse goitre.
Define thyrotoxicosis without increased synthesis of thyroid hormone.
This condition is characterized by increased circulating thyroid hormones without an increase in the synthesis of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
How does thyroiditis affect thyroid hormone levels?
Thyroiditis causes inflammation that leads to the release of stored thyroid hormone from thyroid follicles, potentially resulting in elevated hormone levels.
Explain the different types of thyroiditis.
Types of thyroiditis include lymphocytic thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, and subacute thyroiditis, each with distinct causes and presentations.
Describe the characteristics of post-partum autoimmune thyroiditis.
Post-partum autoimmune thyroiditis is characterized by positive TPO antibodies and can include presentations of post-partum thyroiditis.
What is De Quervain thyroiditis?
De Quervain thyroiditis, also known as subacute thyroiditis, is associated with viral or post-viral inflammation following a preceding viral illness.
Do elevated TSH levels indicate hyperthyroidism?
Elevated TSH levels typically indicate hypothyroidism; however, in cases of TSHoma or pituitary tumors, TSH can be elevated despite hyperthyroidism.
Explain the significance of germline activating mutations in the TSH receptor.
Germline activating mutations in the TSH receptor can lead to familial non-autoimmune hyperthyroidism, causing excessive thyroid hormone production.
Describe granulomatous thyroiditis.
Granulomatous thyroiditis is a type of thyroid inflammation that can be painful and tender, often associated with viral infections.
Explain the characteristics of post-viral thyroiditis.
Post-viral thyroiditis is characterized by painful inflammation of the thyroid gland following a viral infection.
Define drug-induced thyroiditis.
Drug-induced thyroiditis refers to thyroid inflammation caused by certain medications.
How can trauma affect the thyroid gland?
Trauma, manipulation, or palpation can lead to thyroiditis due to physical injury to the gland.
What is radiation-induced thyroiditis?
Radiation-induced thyroiditis is inflammation of the thyroid gland resulting from exposure to radiation.
Identify the types of infections that can cause thyroiditis.
Thyroiditis can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
Explain the impact of excessive thyroid hormone use on the thyroid gland.
Excessive use of thyroid hormone, whether iatrogenic or factitious, can lead to thyroiditis.
