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RUSSIA: The Collapse > Timeline > Flashcards

Timeline Flashcards

1
Q

Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the CPSU

A

Political

March 1985:

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2
Q

political

Throughout 1986:

A

‘Glasnost’ promoted. Restrictions removed on the media; travel restrictions for Soviet citizens relaxed.

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3
Q

Political

27th Party Congress Feb-March 1986:

A

a new programme for the CPSU was outlined, including the introduction of “genuine democracy”. Gorbachev denounced the Brezhnev era as one of “stagnation”.

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4
Q

Political

Early 1987:

A

Gorbachev suggests to CC of the CPSU that there should be secret ballots and multiple candidates in elections to local Soviets. In June 1987, this is trialled.

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5
Q

Political

October 1987:

A

Boris Yeltsin attacks Gorbachev over the slow pace of reform. In November he is sacked as Moscow Party Leader

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6
Q

Political March 1988:

A

conservatives in the CPSU attack the pace of reform.

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7
Q

Political

June 1988:

A

at the 19th Conference of the CPSU. Gorbachev proposes the formation of new Congress of People’s Deputies. The Congress will elect a ‘Supreme Soviet’ and supervise the Government. Two thirds of the deputies are to be elected in multi-candidate (NOT multi-party) elections. Candidates from the CPSU will have to compete against representatives of unions and other associations. One third of deputies will be appointed by the CPSU.

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8
Q

Political

March 1989:

A

elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies take place. The CPSU won in 80% of contested seats but many high ranking members of the Party were defeated. Yeltsin won 89% of the vote in Moscow, standing as a ‘reformer’. After his election he formed the Intra-Regional Deputies Group which calls for the legalisation of private property and the autonomy of the Republics of the Union. This is effectively an alternative party programme – but he is still a member of the CPSU at this stage. Conservative members of the CPSU form the ‘Soyuz’ (union) group. In

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9
Q

Political

March 1990:

A

Gorbachev appointed President of the USSR by the Congress of People’s Deputies. He abolishes Article 6 of the USSR Constitution which had guaranteed the CPSU as the only legal political party. Other parties are therefore legalised.

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10
Q

Political

June 1990:

A

Yeltsin resigns from the CPSU.

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11
Q

Political

28th Congress of the CPSU, July 1990:

A

Gorbachev talks of creating a ‘civil society’ in the USSR; genuine democracy, free elections, a multi-party system, human rights, etc.

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12
Q

Political

August 1991

A

coup by CPSU hardliners against Gorbachev. Coup fails after 3 days. At the end of August, CPSU activities are banned throughout the USSR

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13
Q

Political

December 1991:

A

Gorbachev resigns as President of the USSR and the USSR is dissolved.

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14
Q

ECON in 1985 and 1986.

A

Gorbachev talks of “acceleration” of economic development in 1985 and 1986. There is a crackdown on alcoholism and the creation of ‘superministries’ in 1985 designed to ‘streamline’ economic decision making

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15
Q

ECON launched in 1986

A

The 12th Five Year Plan was launched in 1986 – demonstrating a continuation of central planning and the command economy. However in November 1986 a Law on Individual Economic Activity did allow families and individuals to make money from small-scale work

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16
Q

Economics

January 1987:

A

economic ‘perestroika’ (reform/restructuring) is announced – e.g. joint ventures between the State and foreign companies are allowed.

17
Q

Economics

June 1987,

A

In June 1987, the Law on State Enterprises loosened the control of the State

18
Q

Economics

January 1988:

A

o- operative enterprises are legalised. This allows people t set up small-scale private businesses

19
Q

Economics

In July 1989

A

the State Commission for Economic Reform recommends a move to a market-led economy. The Politburo are split on these recommendations.

20
Q

Economics

October 1989:

A

the ‘500 Day’ programme is recommended to the Government. This calls for a full transition to a market economy in 500 Days. The Soviet Government rejected it, but the Russian Government accepts it.

21
Q

Economics

April 1990:

A

Government subsidies for basic goods were cut. Result=price rises.

22
Q

economics
January
1991

A

private ownership of property and businesses was legalised

23
Q

Economics

April 1991:

A

trading of stocks and shares legalised

24
Q

Economics

October 1991:

A

Yeltsin announces programme of complete marketization of Russian economy.

25
Q

December 1986:

Nationalism

A

riots in Kazakhstan over the replacement of a Kazakh First Secretary of the CP with a Russian

26
Q

November 1988:

Nationalism

A

the Nagorno-Karabakh problem between Armenia and Azerbaij

27
Q

April-October 1988:

Nationalism

A

‘Popular Fronts’ are formed in the Baltic Republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia

28
Q

March 1989:

Nationalism

A

Nationalists use the March 1989 elections to campaign for independence from the USSR – e.g. in Georgia, where there are popular demonstrations in April 1989.

29
Q

August 1989

Nationalism

A

Mass demonstrations for independence in the Baltic States

30
Q

March 1990:

Nationalism

A

elections in the Republics see victories for non- Communist groupings.
Yeltsin elected Chair of Russian Supreme Soviet
Lithuania declares independence. Gorbachev refuses to recognise and imposes economic sanctions

31
Q

May 1990:

Nationalism

A

Yeltsin says Russian laws are superior to Soviet laws.

32
Q

1991 Jan

Nationalism

A

January – troops sent into Lithuania. Yeltsin asks Russian soldiers to defy orders from the Soviet Government if those orders are aimed at suppressing protest.

33
Q

1991 March

Nationalism

A

Referendum on a new Union Treaty. 9 Republics vote (6 refuse to participate). Result is a 75% vote in favour of a new Union Treaty. Georgia declares independence in April. Gorbachev and Yeltsin work on a new draft Union Treaty (the Novo-Ogarevo Agreement)

34
Q

1991 June

Nationalism

A

Yeltsin elected President of Russia

35
Q

1991 August

Nationalism

A

Yeltsin leads resistance to the coup against Gorbachev, and after it fails suspends the CP in Russia. 5 more Republics declare independence: Belarus, Moldavia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Kirgizstan. Gorbachev grants independence to Baltic states. In September Armenia declares independence.

36
Q

1991 November

Nationalism

A

Yeltsin bans the CP in Russia and rejects Gorbachev’s new Union Treaty.

37
Q

NAT 1991 December

A

Ukraine votes to leave the USSR; then Russia, Ukraine and Belarus form the CIS

38
Q

May 1989

Politics branch

A

May, Gorbachev is elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet by the Congress of People’s Deputies

RUSSIA: The Collapse (10 decks)

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