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Issues in Policing > Timeline > Flashcards

Timeline Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to 1960, what role did police officers have?

A

-They were primarily keepers of the peace
-Mediators of problems
-Reactive to problems

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2
Q

Why did the style of policing prior to 1960 work well?

A

-Lack of crime
-Society was not as complicated as today

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3
Q

1954

A

Civil Rights Movement Begins

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4
Q

1963

A

Children’s March, Birmingham, AL

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5
Q

1964-1968

A

Period of Major Demonstrations and Rioting

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6
Q

1971

A

War of Drugs Begins in Law Enforcement & LAPD creates SWAT team

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7
Q

1984

A

Crack Cocaine LA

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8
Q

1990

A

National Defense Act

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9
Q

Late 1990’s

A

Police departments begin using zero tolerance policing

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10
Q

1993

A

1st World Trade Center Bombing

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11
Q

1995

A

Oklahoma City Bombing

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12
Q

1997

A

National Defense Act Expanded - 1033 Program

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13
Q

1999

A

Columbine

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14
Q

2001

A

9/11

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15
Q

2007

A

Virginia Tech Shooting

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16
Q

Police and Civil Rights Movement

A

-1954
Police responds contributed to hostility
-Police operations were poorly planned and used aggressive tactics
-Police were used as instruments of power

17
Q

Birmingham Children’s Crusade

A

1963
-Hundreds of children participated in a march against segregation
-Commissioner used police dog and fire hoses to break up protest
-Hundreds of children were injured and arrested
-One of the 1st times police excessive force was mainstreamed

18
Q

1965 Selma to Montgomery March

A
  • march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand an end to discrimination in voter registration
  • state and local police attacked the marchers with batons and tear gas, driving them back to Selma
    -Televised images of the police attack presented Americans and international audiences with horrifying images of marchers left bloodied and severely injured
19
Q

1968 Democratic Convention

A

-August 1968, over 10,000 demonstrators from around the country travelled to Chicago to assemble at the 1968 Democratic Convention

20
Q

How did the role of policing begin to reshape during the Civil Rights Era?

A

-Police departments begin training and heavily depends on military influences
-New equipment: riot helmets and shields, tear gas
-New units are formed: riot squads & tactical teams
-National movement to increase diversity

21
Q

How did heroin increase violent crime rates?

A

-Soldier deploed overseas came home with an opioid based addiction to morphine, but could not access it so they turned to heroin
-Semi-conscious state
-Quick addiction

22
Q

Describe cocaine

A

-Suburban party drug
-Lasted hours, extra energy
-Thought of as not as addictive
-Comes from a leave and is grounded into powder and cut down to 40% and the rest would be an additive

23
Q

Describe Crack

A

-Modified cocaine
-Powder is boiled and turns into 100% cocaine
-High lasts only for 10-20 minutes
-Increased in addictiveness
-Located in more urban areas and penalties were higher

24
Q

Policing During War On Drugs

A

-Arrests for drug violations increased
-No distinction of user, seller, or supplier
-Techniques become more sophisticated: surveillance, undercover, informants, wiretaps
-Tactial drug raids
-Military equipment become available to law enforcement

25
Q

Impact of War On Drugs

A

-Increase in mass incarceration
-Relationship between police and communities become more strained

26
Q

National Defense Authorization Act of 1990

A

-Authorized the transfer of surplus military equipment to law enforcement agencies
-Ammunition, assault rifles, grenade launchers, helicopters, armored vehicles
-No accountability on how the equipment was used

27
Q

Broken Windows Theory

A

If a small disorder physical problem is not addressed (like a broken window), it will lead (invite) to greater incidents of crime and violence.

28
Q

Zero Tolerance

A

-In 1990 NYPD begins using a strict enforcement (zero tolerance) strategy to address violent crime
-Used a modified theory of Broken Windows focusing on people. Police officers enforced disorder related crimes, to prevent larger issues of crime
-At the national level, these strict enforcement strategies disproportionately impact minority communities…with higher rates of stops, citations and arrest of African American males
-Furrher strained relationship between police officers and minority communities

29
Q

1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center

A

-February 26, 1993
-Killed 6 people and injured 1000+
-The 1,200-pound bomb was in a Ryder truck parked in a parking garage beneath the World Trade Center
-The explosion created a hole 200 feet by 100 feet, several stories deep

30
Q

Oklahoma City Bombing

A

-April 15, 1995
-A rental truck packed with explosives detonated in front of the nine-story Federal building
-168 people killed (19 young children)
-680 injured

Issues in Policing (3 decks)

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