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1
Q

ethtool - networking

A

allows you to query and change your NIC settings.

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2
Q

miitool - networking

A

view, manipulate,

media independent interface

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3
Q

fdisk - networking

A

manipulates disk partition table

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4
Q

mountsmb - networking

A

used to mount smb drives

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5
Q

su - networking

A

switch user ID during a login session

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6
Q

dig -networking

A

Domain Information Groper Prints DNS information txt mx records

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7
Q

ping - networking

A

Send ICMP packets

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8
Q

ifconfig - networking

A

Interface configuration - used to configure and print interface information

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9
Q

telnet - networking

A

used to communicate with another host using the telnet protocol

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10
Q

tcpdump - networking

A

Transmission control protocol dump - used to capture packets and save to files

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11
Q

traceroute - networking

A

displays route and transfer delays of packets across an IP network to a given host

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12
Q

netstat - networking

A

network statistics - shows current connections and shows open ports being used

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13
Q

arp - networking

A

address resolution protocol - resolves an IP address of a system to a MAC address.

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14
Q

route - networking

A

prints and configures IP routing table

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15
Q

curl - networking

A

client URL - used to transfer data to and from servers

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16
Q

iptables - networking

A

configures the kernel firewall chains and rules to manage inbound/outbound mail

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17
Q

nmap -networking

A

network map - network application tool and security/port scanner

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18
Q

df - performance

A

disk free - displays available disk space

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19
Q

du - performance

A

disk usage - file space usage

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20
Q

top - performance

A

displays processes q

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21
Q

ps - performance

A

process status - provides info on currently running processes

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22
Q

kill -performance

A

kill - terminate a process

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23
Q

killall - performance

A

killall - kills all processes by name

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24
Q

vmstat - performance

A

virtual memory statistics - IO/CPU/MEM monitoring utility

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25
Q

strace - performance

A

strace - trace system calls and signals

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26
Q

cp - files, folders, scripts

A

copy files and directories

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27
Q

scp - files, folders, scripts

A

secure copy - copy over ssh

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28
Q

mvless - files, folders, scripts

A

move files from one place to another

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29
Q

less - files, folders, scripts

A

used to read contents of a file one page at a time

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30
Q

cat - files, folders, scripts

A

concatenate - reads data from files and outputs their content

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31
Q

chmod - files, folders, scripts

A

change mode - change access mode of a file (permissions)

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32
Q

chown - files, folders, scripts

A

change owner - change the owner of a file or directory

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33
Q

file - files, folders, scripts

A

determines file type

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34
Q

find - files, folders, scripts

A

searches in real-time, slower but more up to date

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35
Q

ls - files, folders, scripts

A

list files/directories within a current working directory

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36
Q

ll - files, folders, scripts

A

long list

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37
Q

lsof - files, folders, scripts

A

list open files

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38
Q

locate - files, folders, scripts

A

searches using previously generated database. much faster that “locate” but uses an older database.

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39
Q

mkdir - files, folders, scripts

A

make directory - creates directories

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40
Q

tail - files, folders, scripts

A

prints last lines of a file

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41
Q

tar - files, folders, scripts

A

creates a compressed file called a tarball

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42
Q

head - folders, files, scripts

A

prints first lines of a file

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43
Q

gzip - files, folders, scripts

A

compresses files

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44
Q

gunzip - files, folders, scripts

A

expands compressed gzip files

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45
Q

diff - files, folders, scripts

A

used in comparing the differences in files line by line

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46
Q

rm - files, folders, scripts

A

remove files and directories

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47
Q

emacs - files, folders, scripts

A

family of text editors

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48
Q

vi - files, folders, scripts

A

visual instrument - text editor for programs and scripts

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49
Q

zcat - files, folders, scripts

A

compress or expand files

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50
Q

touch - files, folders, scripts

A

creates a file

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51
Q

wc - files, folders, scripts

A

word count

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52
Q

which - files, folders, scripts

A

identify the location of executables and shows full path of the shell commands

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53
Q

md5sum - files, folders, scripts

A

calculates and verifies 128 bit MD5 hashes

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54
Q

stdin - files, folders, scripts

A

standard input - carries data from a user to a program

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55
Q

stdout - files, folders, scripts

A

standard output - writes data that was generated by a program

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56
Q

stderr - files, programs, scripts

A

standard error - errors generated by a program that failed at some point

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57
Q

awk - general linux

A

pattern scanning and processing message

58
Q

dmesg - general linux

A

print or control the kernel ring buffer

59
Q

screen - general linux

A

allows split screen running several processes at once

60
Q

cd - general Linux

A

change directory - change working directory

61
Q

pwd - general Linux

A

print working directory

62
Q

sudo - general Linux

A

superuser do - give specific users permission to run specific system commands at the root level

63
Q

uptime - general Linux

A

prints device uptime - how long the system has been running, number of logged on users and system load averages

64
Q

wall - general Linux

A

write to all - displays/sends msg to all logged in users

65
Q

history - general Linux

A

shows previous commands used by a user

66
Q

halt - general Linux

A

stops processes- instructs the HW to stop all CPU functions

67
Q

hostname - general Linux

A

prints system hostname

68
Q

reboot - general Linux

A

sends signal to reboot, halt, or power off.

69
Q

shutdown - general Linux

A

send a shutdown signal - schedules a time for system to power down

70
Q

watch - general Linux

A

execute a program periodically

71
Q

grep - general Linux

A

global regular expression print - searches a file for a specific pattern and displays all lines that contain it

72
Q

egrep - general Linux

A

extended global regular expression print - when you need to use the extended version of grep but with some extra metacharacters

73
Q

zgrep - general Linux

A

grep for compressed files

74
Q

date - general Linux

A

displays system date and time or used to change system time

75
Q

reiserfsck - general Linux

A

file system check for Reiser file systems

76
Q

fsck.xfs - general Linux

A

file system check for xfs file system

77
Q

mount - general Linux

A

mount a file system also for SD card, USB storage etc

78
Q

ntpdate - general Linux

A

used to sync date to an NTP server

79
Q

whoami - general Linux

A

print user ID

80
Q

uname - general Linux

A

print system information

81
Q

last - general Linux

A

shows the list of the last users logged into the system

82
Q

man - general Linux

A

manual - shows the manual pages for programs and commands

83
Q

requeue inbound mail - specific to ESG

A

postsuper -r ALL

84
Q

delete all messages from the queue - specific to ESG

A

postsuper -c /home/emailswitch/code/firmware/current/etc/ -d ALL

85
Q

config_change - specific to ESG

A

modifies entries in MySQL database

86
Q

config_read - specific to ESG

A

prints entries in MySQL database

87
Q

count_in - specific to ESG

A

displays number of messages in inbound queue

88
Q

count_out - specific to ESG

A

displays number of messages in outbound queue

89
Q

ldapwalk.pl - specific to ESG

A

used for testing LDAP settings, connections, looks for a user on a connected server.

90
Q

fadctl - specific to ESG

A

used for checking .fad RBL files

91
Q

ldapsearch- specific to ESG

A

used for testing and pulling LDAP information

92
Q

support-tunnel.cgi - specific to ESG

A

used for managing and configuring support tunnels. opening them from a browser or keeping them open

93
Q

tunnels.pl - specific to ESG

A

used to iterate over each system in a cluster and opens a tunnel

94
Q

revert.pl - specific to ESG

A

used to revert back to a previous definition

95
Q

service - specific to ESG

A

use for calling a service and changing its state/config

96
Q

bstat - specific to ESG

A

used to check Bayesian database stats

97
Q

bscore - specific to ESG

A

used to check for Bayesian database global or user score

98
Q

remove_invalid.pl - specific to ESG

A

used to remove duplicate or invalid config entries

99
Q

mod_hash.util - specific to ESG

A

used for custom rule lookups like RBL listings

100
Q

deliver_mstore.pl - specific to ESG

A

redelivers messages stored in /email/mstore

101
Q

mstoreforward.pl - specific to ESG

A

redelivers single message to specific email address

102
Q

postsuper - specific to ESG

A

used to requeue messages

103
Q

qm.pl - specific to ESG

A

queue management tool- used to delete, hold, or move message between in and out queue

104
Q

& - special characters used in bash and shell

A

ampersand - run processes in the background

105
Q

- special characters used in bash and shell

A

pipe - sends the output of one program to another program for further processing.

106
Q

>

  • special characters used in bash and shell
A

redirection operator - used to overwrite

107
Q

> >

  • special characters used in bash and shell
A

redirection operator - used to append (add/attach)

108
Q

’ - special characters used in bash and shell

single quote

A

single quote - enclosing characters in a single quote preserves their literal value

109
Q

” - special characters used in bash and shell

double quote

A

double quote - preserves the literal value of all the characters in the quote

110
Q

` - special characters used in bash and shell

backtick

A

back tick - is executed by the shell before the main command

111
Q

smtpctl - responsibilities of each service

A

SMTP service

112
Q

smctl - responsibilities of each service

A

SSH master

113
Q

httpctl - responsibilities of each service

114
Q

intentctl - responsibilities of each service

A

intent analysis

115
Q

lmctl - responsibilities of each service

A

log monitor

116
Q

qhctl - responsibilities of each service

A

quarantine helper

117
Q

rverifyctl - responsibilities of each service

A

recipient verification

118
Q

sasctl - responsibilities of each service

A

SASL Auth Service

119
Q

stunnelctl - responsibilities of each service

A

support tunnel service

120
Q

throttlectl - responsibilities of each service

A

rate control service

121
Q

apache - responsibilities of each service

A

web service agent

122
Q

How to address the following situations -

Restart recipient verification while in debug mode

A

verifyctl -D restart

123
Q

How to address the following situations -

Ensure recipient verification always starts when in debug mode

A

vi /home/emailswitch/code/firmware/current/sbin/reverifyctl

change line 12 to DEBUG=1

124
Q

How to address the following situations -

How to turn on and off web debugging on firmware versions 4.x and below.

A

touch /tmp/web.debug

/etc/init.d/apache restart

tail -f /tmp/web_error_log

125
Q

How to address the following situations -

why would you decrease an MTU?

A

max transmission unit - because of slower packet delivery and needing to resend the entire packet. Decreasing it speeds the packet delivery

126
Q

How to address the following situations -

When would a smarthost be used?

A

when a customer needs outbound mail relay set up

127
Q

How to address the following situations -

Explain to a customer what a default gateway is.

A

serves as a default forwarding host to other networks when no other route info matches the destination IP of the packet.

128
Q

How to address the following situations -

Copy an SSL cert from 1 ESG to another.

A

cat /home/emailswitch/code/config/ssl_signed_cert.pem
hightlight and copy everything

vi /home/emailswitch/code/config/ssl_signed_cert.pem
paste
Then mtactl restart, smtpctl restart, service apache restart

129
Q

How to address the following situations -

Configure emails to be blocked based on given scenario

A

anything in the block/accept tab

130
Q

How to address the following situations -

Turn on Energizer Updates

A

Basic > Status - to activate subscription

Advanced > Energize Updates - to update

131
Q

How to address the following situations -

Configure an ESG to use TLS

A

Advanced > Secure Admin
Upload cert > copy and paste into
/home/emailswitch/code/config/ssl_signed_cert.pem
Advanced > Email Protocol (then SMTP over TLS)

132
Q

How to address the following situations -

Configure a cluster

A

Advanced > Clustering
> needs to be same model number and same firmware

> make sure both ESGs have same clustered shared secret

> Make sure ports 443, 8000, 8002 are open between the 2 ESGs

> Add the IP address of the first ESG into the Join Cluster field on the Advanced/Clustering page of the 2nd ESG’s interface

> then click join cluster option.

133
Q

How to address the following situations -

Restart a service

A

service restart

134
Q

How to address the following situations -

Errors noticed when reading tcpdump - wireshark

A

locating failed connections - look for SYNS, ACKS, FINS
Malformed packets, window sizes being out of whack, connecting interruptions, etc.

Wireshark - color codes packets black and red which usually means a bad sign.

135
Q

How to address the following situations -

Identify actions that would be taken from mail servers connecting to ESG

A 
Initial connection
greeting
ehlo/helo
TLS negotiation
recipient verification
mail transfer
136
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

/home/product

A

config, definitions, firmware,

cdf

137
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

/mail/log/info

A

processed mail information

pmi

138
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

/mail/log/warnings

A

warning log for processed mail - hardware errors

139
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

/mail/log/errors

A

error log for processed mail - service logs entries

140
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

/home/emailswitch/code/firmware/current/web/cgi-bin

A

/home/emailswitch/code/firmware/current/web/cgi-bin -

reloads the config database

141
Q

Type of Info Found in the Following Logs -

What is the difference between a Hub and a Switch?

A

A hub is dumb. Plug computers into a hub for a LAN.

A switch can do the same thing but is smarter and with software it can learn.

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