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Linguistics Exam 1 > Tier 1 > Flashcards

Tier 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Competence

A

The ability to speak

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2
Q

Performance

A

Actually speaking

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3
Q

3 Meanings of Grammar

A

Mental, prescriptive, descriptive

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4
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

The linguist’s description of the rules—what’s “right”

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5
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

Socially imbedded notion of “correct”—how people actually use grammar

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6
Q

Nine features of Language

Think, three sets

A

Modality, semanticity, pragmatic function//

interchangeability, cultural transmission, arbitrariness//discreteness, displacement, productivity

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7
Q

9 Features: Modality

A

The medium of speech

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8
Q

9 Features: Semanticity

A

The shared meaning of the message

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9
Q

9 Features: Pragmatic Function

A

The purpose of communication

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10
Q

9 Features: Interchangeability

A

We can all both send and receive messages

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11
Q

9 Features: Cultural Transmission

A

Some aspects of language can only be learned through exposure

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12
Q

9 Features: Arbitrariness

A

Meaning is not signified by form

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13
Q

9 Features: Discreteness

A

Meaningless sounds make meaningful words

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14
Q

9 Features: Displacement

A

The ability to talk about things/time not present or in immediate vicinity

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15
Q

9 Features: Productivity

A

People have the ability to produce and understand any number of novel sentences which have never been heard or spoken before

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16
Q

When do you use a shwa, not a wedge?

A

Unstressed

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17
Q

When do you use a wedge and not a shwa?

A

Stressed

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18
Q

What are the 3 segmental features?

A
  • Voiced/Voiceless
  • Where is the airstream constricted?
  • How is the airstream constricted?
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19
Q

What is a segment?

A

Discrete units of the speech stream

Can be divided into consonants and vowels

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20
Q

4 questions to consider about vowels

A
  • High/low
  • Front/Back
  • Rounded/Unrounded
  • Tense/Lax
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21
Q

What are the 4 syllabic consonants?

A

M,n,r, l

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22
Q

[ɑ]

A

Low back unrounded vowel

spa, bother

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23
Q

[ɔ]

A

lax mid back rounded vowel

bought, dog

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24
Q

[ð]

A

eth

this, either

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25
Q

[e]

A

tense mid front unrounded vowel

bait, Canadian eh

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26
Q

[ə] (What am I?)

A

Shwa

About, sofa

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27
Q

[ə] (Stressed or unstressed)

A

Unstressed

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28
Q

[ɛ]

A

lax mid front unrounded vowel

Bet, head

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29
Q

[i]

A

tense high front unrounded vowel

see, beat

30
Q

[ɪ]

A

lax high front unrounded vowel

bit, hit

31
Q

[ŋ]

A

eng

singer, thinker

32
Q

[o]

A

tense mid back rounded vowel

Boat, go

33
Q

[θ]

A

Theta

thing, myth

34
Q

[ɾ]

A

Flap

Butter, utter, Adam

35
Q

[ʃ]

A

Ship, push, delicious

36
Q

[u]

A

tense high back rounded vowel

boot, ooze

37
Q

[ʊ]

A

lax high back rounded vowel

Book

38
Q

[ʒ]

A

Rouge, garage

39
Q

[ʔ]

A

Glottal stop

uh-oh, button, curtain

40
Q

[dʒ]

A

Judge, George, Jello

41
Q

[tʃ]

A

Choke, match

42
Q

[j]

A

You

43
Q

ɔɪ

A

Diphthong, boy

44
Q

əʊ

A

Diphthong, bow

45
Q

ɑɪ

A

Diphthong, buy

46
Q

What is phonetics the study of?

A

The sounds

47
Q

What is phonology the study of?

A

The systems in which the sounds function

48
Q

What are the four suprasegmentals?

A

Length, intonation, tone, stress

49
Q

How does the suprasegmental length affect meaning?

A

In some languages, length signifies meaning; voiced sounds take longer (bead v beat)

50
Q

How does the suprasegmental intonation affect meaning?

A

The stress within a sentence

51
Q

How does the suprasegmental tone affect meaning?

A

In Chinese, a different tone changes the meaning of a word

ex: mother & horse

52
Q

How does the suprasegmental stress affect meaning?

A

Hotdog vs a hot dog (who is sweaty), permit papers vs to permit someone

53
Q

The 5 Types of Phonological Rules

A 
Assimilation
Insertion
Deletion
Strengthening/Aspiration
Weakening/Flapping
54
Q

What are the three types of assimilation rules?

A

Nasal, palatalization, voicing

55
Q

Nasal assimilation rule

A

Alveloar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of the next consonant

“unbelievable”

56
Q

Palatization assimilation rule

A

Consonant becomes more like neighboring palatal

“Jeet yet?”
“No, Jew?”

57
Q

Voicing assimilation rule

A

Our mouths want the ends of words to be voiceless

“-ing” becomes “-in’”

58
Q

2 Types of Insertion rules

A

Voiceless stop rule, shwa

59
Q

Shwa insertion rule

A

Plurals of nouns need a shwa to be pronounceable

60
Q

Deletion rule

A

Unstressed syllables may be deleted

61
Q

Strengthening rule

A

Voiceless stops become aspirated

62
Q

Weakening rule

A

Flapping occurs after a stressed vowel

63
Q

If a phonological rule is contrastive, that means…

A

It is unpredictable.

64
Q

If a phonological rule is complementary, that means…

A

It is predictable

65
Q

How are phonemes noted?

A

/in between slashes/

66
Q

How are allophones noted?

A

[in between brackets]

67
Q

What 3 factors influence phonological rules?

A

Sound, environment, result

68
Q

Generalizing based on how sounds are produced

A

Natural classes

69
Q

Natural classes: 3 categories of obstruents

A

stops, fricatives, affricates

70
Q

Natural classes: If something is not an obstruent, it is…

A

A sonorant

71
Q

What are the four sibilants?

A

s, z, Sh, Zh

Linguistics Exam 1 (1 decks)

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