Tier 1 Flashcards by Hope Matheson

Competence

The ability to speak

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Performance

Actually speaking

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3 Meanings of Grammar

Mental, prescriptive, descriptive

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Descriptive Grammar

The linguist’s description of the rules—what’s “right”

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Prescriptive Grammar

Socially imbedded notion of “correct”—how people actually use grammar

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Nine features of Language

Think, three sets

Modality, semanticity, pragmatic function//

interchangeability, cultural transmission, arbitrariness//discreteness, displacement, productivity

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9 Features: Modality

The medium of speech

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9 Features: Semanticity

The shared meaning of the message

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9 Features: Pragmatic Function

The purpose of communication

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9 Features: Interchangeability

We can all both send and receive messages

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9 Features: Cultural Transmission

Some aspects of language can only be learned through exposure

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9 Features: Arbitrariness

Meaning is not signified by form

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9 Features: Discreteness

Meaningless sounds make meaningful words

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9 Features: Displacement

The ability to talk about things/time not present or in immediate vicinity

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9 Features: Productivity

People have the ability to produce and understand any number of novel sentences which have never been heard or spoken before

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When do you use a shwa, not a wedge?

Unstressed

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When do you use a wedge and not a shwa?

Stressed

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What are the 3 segmental features?

Voiced/Voiceless
Where is the airstream constricted?
How is the airstream constricted?

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What is a segment?

Discrete units of the speech stream

Can be divided into consonants and vowels

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4 questions to consider about vowels

High/low
Front/Back
Rounded/Unrounded
Tense/Lax

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What are the 4 syllabic consonants?

M,n,r, l

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[ɑ]

Low back unrounded vowel

spa, bother

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[ɔ]

lax mid back rounded vowel

bought, dog

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[ð]

eth

this, either

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[e]

tense mid front unrounded vowel bait, Canadian eh

[ə] (What am I?)

Shwa About, sofa

[ə] (Stressed or unstressed)

Unstressed

[ɛ]

lax mid front unrounded vowel Bet, head

[i]

tense high front unrounded vowel see, beat

[ɪ]

lax high front unrounded vowel bit, hit

[ŋ]

eng singer, thinker

[o]

tense mid back rounded vowel Boat, go

[θ]

Theta thing, myth

[ɾ]

Flap Butter, utter, Adam

[ʃ]

Ship, push, delicious

[u]

tense high back rounded vowel boot, ooze

[ʊ]

lax high back rounded vowel Book

[ʒ]

Rouge, garage

[ʔ]

Glottal stop | uh-oh, button, curtain

[dʒ]

Judge, George, Jello

[tʃ]

Choke, match

[j]

You

ɔɪ

Diphthong, boy

əʊ

Diphthong, bow

ɑɪ

Diphthong, buy

What is phonetics the study of?

The sounds

What is phonology the study of?

The systems in which the sounds function

What are the four suprasegmentals?

Length, intonation, tone, stress

How does the suprasegmental length affect meaning?

In some languages, length signifies meaning; voiced sounds take longer (bead v beat)

How does the suprasegmental intonation affect meaning?

The stress within a sentence

How does the suprasegmental tone affect meaning?

In Chinese, a different tone changes the meaning of a word | ex: mother & horse

How does the suprasegmental stress affect meaning?

Hotdog vs a hot dog (who is sweaty), permit papers vs to permit someone

The 5 Types of Phonological Rules

``` Assimilation Insertion Deletion Strengthening/Aspiration Weakening/Flapping ```

What are the three types of assimilation rules?

Nasal, palatalization, voicing

Nasal assimilation rule

Alveloar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of the next consonant "unbelievable"

Palatization assimilation rule

Consonant becomes more like neighboring palatal "Jeet yet?" "No, Jew?"

Voicing assimilation rule

Our mouths want the ends of words to be voiceless "-ing" becomes "-in'"

2 Types of Insertion rules

Voiceless stop rule, shwa

Shwa insertion rule

Plurals of nouns need a shwa to be pronounceable

Deletion rule

Unstressed syllables may be deleted

Strengthening rule

Voiceless stops become aspirated

Weakening rule

Flapping occurs after a stressed vowel

If a phonological rule is contrastive, that means...

It is unpredictable.

If a phonological rule is complementary, that means...

It is predictable

How are phonemes noted?

/in between slashes/

How are allophones noted?

[in between brackets]

What 3 factors influence phonological rules?

Sound, environment, result

Generalizing based on how sounds are produced

Natural classes

Natural classes: 3 categories of obstruents

stops, fricatives, affricates

Natural classes: If something is not an obstruent, it is...

A sonorant

What are the four sibilants?

s, z, Sh, Zh