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Small Animal Medicine > Tick-borne Disease > Flashcards

Tick-borne Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How long after exposure do clinical signs of Lyme disease appear?

A

2-5 months

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2
Q

What are the common clinical signs of Lyme disease?

A 
Acute/subacute arthritis (shifting leg lameness)
Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Anorexia
Lethargy
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3
Q

What are less common manifestations of Lyme disease?

A

Protein-losing glomerulopathy, “Lyme nephritis”
Heart block from myocarditis
Neurological signs
Ophthalmic disease

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4
Q

What are common abnormalities on a CBC/Chem with Lyme disease?
Coinfection with what type of organism can contribute to these signs?

A

Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia

Coinfection with rickettsial pathogen

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5
Q

How long after exposure do IgG antibody titers rise?

A

4-6 weeks

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6
Q

Which test can be used to screen for Lyme disease? What should you do if you get a positive result?

A

ELISA- follow up with another test

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7
Q

Which antigen is expressed with natural infection, versus Lyme vaccine?

A

C6 antigen

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8
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme disease? When do you normally see improvement in clinical signs after starting treatment?

A

Doxycycline, or Ampicillin/Amoxicillin for 30 days

Usually see improvement within 48 hours

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute ehrlichiosis?

A 
Lethargy
Fever
Anorexia
Weight loss
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy 
Petechiae/ecchymoses
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10
Q

What is a common clinicopathologic finding with acute ehrlichiosis?

A

Thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

What are potential clinicopathologic findings with subclinical ehrlichiosis?

A

Thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic ehrlichiosis?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
Epistaxis/petechiae, pale mucous membranes
Lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly
Neurologic signs- ataxia, paraparesis, CP deficits, head tilt, nystagmus, seizures

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13
Q

What are potential clinicopathologic findings with chronic ehrlichiosis on bloodwork?

A 
Thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia (secondary infection)
Hyperglobulinemia
Proteinuria
Mild/moderate nonregenerative anemia 
Hypoalbuminemia, elevated ALT, ALP

Blood smear- may see morulae, but rare

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14
Q

What are What are potential clinicopathologic findings with chronic ehrlichiosis on CSF tap?

A

High protein, neutrophilic pleocytosis

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15
Q

What are What are potential clinicopathologic findings with Lyme disease on joint tap if lameness present?

A

Increased protein, high WBC count with predominance of neutrophils

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16
Q

What type of cell does Ehrlichia ewingii target? What are the clinical signs?

A

Granulocytes

Acute polyarthropathy- joint pain, swelling, fever

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17
Q

What serological tests are used for Ehrlichia?

A

Convalescent IFA/ELISA

SNAP 4Dx ELISA

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18
Q

When using PCR on blood samples to test for Ehrlichia, why could you get a false negative?

A

Antibiotic therapy

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19
Q

What is the treatment for ehrlichiosis? What alternatives can be used?

A

Doxycycline for 28 days

Alternatives- imidocarb, chloramphenicol in puppies, enrofloxacin (experimental, not effective on E. canis)

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20
Q

What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities of infection with Anaplasma platys?

A

Moderate to severe cyclic thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection?

A

Fever
Lethargy
Reluctance to move

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22
Q

What clinical sign is uncommon with Anaplasma platys or A. phagocytophilum infection?

A

Bleeding

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23
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Anaplasma phagocytophilum? What is best for acute disease?

A

SNAP 4Dx (good sensitivity/specificity)
IFA
Convalescent titers

PCR best for chronic disease, can use to confirm

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Neorickettsia risticii in dogs?

A

Lethargy
Vomiting
Bleeding disorders
Joint pain

25
Q

What cells are affected by Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Endothelial cells, causing vasculitis

26
Q

What disorders/diseases can vasculitis cause?

A 
Hermorrhage
Thrombocytopenia
DIC
Hypotension, shock, organ damage
Edema in the skin, lungs, brain
Decreased renal perfusion
27
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?

A 
**Fever
Cutaneous lesions- edema, hyperemia
Scrotal edema, epididymal swelling
Petechiae, ecchymoses on mucous membranes
May see epistaxis, melena, hematuria
28
Q

What are the ophthalmic clinical signs of RMSF?

A 
Retinal hemorrhage
Retinal detachment 
Papilledema
Chorioretinitis
Anterior uveitis
29
Q

What are the neurologic clinical signs of RMSF?

A

Vestibular disease

Meningoencephalitis

30
Q

What are the clinicopathologic signs of RMSF on CBC?

A 
Thrombocytopenia (usually >75,000)
Mild leukopenia (early disease)
Moderate leukocytosis (later disease)
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Increased/decreased fibrinogen
31
Q

What are the clinicopathologic signs of RMSF on chemistry?

A

Mildly elevated ALP, ALT, AST
Hypoalbuminemia
Prerenal or renal azotemia (severe cases)
Mild hyperbilirubinemia (severe cases)

32
Q

How is RMSF diagnosed?

A

Serology- acute/convalescent titers
Direct FA on tissue samples or full thickness skin biopsies (high false negative rate)
PCR on whole blood or tissue samples

33
Q

What alternatives to doxycycline can be used to treat RMSF?

A

Enrofloxacin or chlorampheniocol for one week

34
Q

True or false: ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are common in cats.

A

False. It’s rare in cats. There are reports of illness in cats that responded to doxycycline.

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of Babesia canis?

A 
Lethargy
Anorexia
Splenomegaly
Fever
Jaundice

Subclinical infection is also possible

36
Q

What are the clinicopathologic findings of Babesia canis infection?

A

Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of Babesia gibsoni?

A

Fever
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Lethargy

Often subclinical in pits

38
Q

What are the clinicopathologic findings of Babesia gibsoni infection?

A

Thrombocytopenia

Regenerative anemia

39
Q

How is babesiosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear
IFA titers
PCR- can detect low levels of parasitemia

40
Q

What is the treatment for babesiosis?

A

Outside US- Diminazene

In US- Imidocarb

Initial treatment of choice for B gibsoni- azithromycin + atovaquone

41
Q

What are the clinical signs of bartonellosis in cats?

A

Lymphadenopathy
Lethargy
Fever
Mild neurologic signs

Concurrent FIV may increase risk for gingivitis/stomatitis

42
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of bartonellosis in dogs?

A 
Transient fever
Endocarditis
Pyogranulomatous lymphadenopathy
Peliosis hepatis
Cavitary effusions
43
Q

How is bartonellosis diagnosed?

A

Serology
Blood culture
PCR

44
Q

What are some common problems with diagnostic testing for Bartonella?

A

Transient bacteriemia- problem for PCR
Serology can give false negatives
IgG persists for a long time following clearance of organism
Fastidious organism

45
Q

Which two antibiotics are used to treat bartonellosis? What are some alternatives?

A

Doxycycline + enrofloxacin

Potentially use erythromycin, rifampin, or azithromycin

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline hemotrophic mycoplasmas?

A 
Depression, inappetance, dehydration
Weight loss
Weakness, pallor, tachypnea, tachycardia, and heart murmur (hemolytic anemia)
Icterus
Splenomegaly
Fever or hypothermia
47
Q

What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with feline hemotropic mycoplamsa?

A

Autoagglutination
Regenerative anemia- extravascular hemolysis
May be nonregenerative with FeLV
Erythrophagocytosis on spleen/BM aspirates
Elevated ALT
Hyperbilirubinemia

48
Q

How is feline hypertropic mycoplamsa diagnosed?

A

Blood smear- cyclic infection, not sensitive

PCR- good for acute phase

49
Q

How is feline hypertropic mycoplamsa treated?

A

Doxycycline or enrofloxacin
Azithromycin ineffective
Prednisone for IMHA

50
Q

True or false: it is uncommon to see clinical canine hypertropic mycoplamsa.

A

True. It’s rare, and dogs are usually not clinical unless they are immunocompromised or have had their spleen removed.

51
Q

What are the clinical signs of Hepatozoon americanum infection?

A

Gait abnormalities- lameness, weakness, difficulty rising
Pain- generalized or in neck, back, or joints
Poor BCS score with muscle atrophy despite normal appetite
Mucopurulent ocular discharge
Fever
PU/PD if glomerulonephritis/amyloidosis
Depression

52
Q

What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities with Hepatozoon americanum infection?

A 
Severe leukocytosis
Mature neutrophilia
Hypoglycemia 
Hypoalbuminemia
Elevated ALP, BUN
53
Q

What are radiographic findings with Hepatozoon americanum infection?

A

Periosteal proliferation along long bones

54
Q

How is Hepatozoon americanum infection diagnosed?

A

Muscle biopsy
ELISA, good sensitivity/specificity
PCR
Blood smear- possible but rare

55
Q

What is the treatment for Hepatozoon americanum infection?

Does this clear the infection?

A

Triple therapy: TMS, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine for two weeks

No: this will cause remission of clinical signs, but cannot clear all tissue stages- will relapse in 2-6 months

56
Q

What drug can be used to prevent relapses? Does it help active infection?

A

Decoquinate- give for 2 years. Does not help with active infections.

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of cytauxzoonosis?

A 
Anorexia, lethargy, depression
Fever (beneficial)
Dehydration, dark urine
Icterus, pallor
Heart murmur from anemia
58
Q

How is cytauxzoonosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear
Histology of tissue stages
PCR

Serology not commercially available

59
Q

How is cytauxzoonosis treated?

A

Azithromycin + atovaquone, supportive care

Small Animal Medicine (1 decks)

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