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Abdominal-Thyroid Pathology > Thyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Thyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benign pathologies? (6)

A
  • Cysts
  • Adenomas
  • Goiters
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Thyroiditis
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2
Q

Are true simple cysts of they thyroid common or rare?

A

rare

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3
Q

Most thyroid cysts are:

A

*complex with irregularly shaped walls and internal echoes caused by hemorrhage

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4
Q

Hemorrhagic cysts result from:

A

trauma or from degeneration of an adenoma

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5
Q

What may be seen in hemorrhagic cysts?

A

*debris or fluid

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6
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts constitute ______% of all neck anomalies.

A

70%

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7
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct?

A

An embryologic remnant of the thyroid diverticulum

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8
Q

Where is a thyroglossal duct cyst positioned?

A

Midline anterior to the trachea

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9
Q

What is the most common thyroid mass?

A

Adenoma

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10
Q

Adenomas account for _______% of palpable thyroid nodules?

A

85%

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11
Q

Sonographic findings of adenomas: (8)

A
  • variable in size
  • usually numerous (unlike carcinomas)
  • may be hyperechoic, isoechoic, or hypoechoic
  • may have a hyperechoic halo around it due to the fibrous tissue that encapsulate some adenomas
  • cystic degeneration of adenomas is a common complication
  • may be loculated, single or multiple
  • vary in size and shape
  • debris or solid components may be seen w/in them giving them a complex appearance
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12
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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13
Q

Goiters may be referred to as:

A

multinodular goiters

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14
Q

Cystic degeneration is:

A

not uncommon and may be referred to as multinodular cystic goiter

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15
Q

Multinodular cystic goiters develop:

A

over a long period of time and are usually asymptomatic.

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16
Q

With goiters, what may develop at later stages?

A

Hypothyroidism

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17
Q

Goiters can be classified as what 2 things?

A
  • Nontoxic

* Toxic

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18
Q

What are nontoxic (simple) goiters associated with?

A

hypothyroidism

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19
Q

Sonographic appearance of nontoxic (simple) goiters:

A

smooth and homogenous but diffusely enlarged

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20
Q

What are toxic (diffuse) goiters associated with?

A

Grave’s disease–complex autoimmune disease

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21
Q

Sonographic appearance of toxic (diffuse) goiters:

A
  • diffuse enlargement of gland
  • decrease in echogenicity
  • increased vascularity referred to as a thyroid inferno
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22
Q

Hyperthyroidism occurs when:

A

overactivity in the thyroid gland causes a metabolic imbalance

23
Q

With hyperthyroidism, the gland produces too much:

A

T3 and T4, causing the body’s chemical reactions to speed up

24
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

25
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

*An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid causing it to enlarge diffusely as a result of a toxic goiter

26
Q

Who does hyperthyroidism typically affect, men or women? What age?

A

women; 30-40 yrs old

27
Q

Clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism: (10)

A

*fatigue, weight loss, trembling hands, increased appetite, intolerant to heat, increased sweating, increased bowel movements, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmia), rash on front of legs, staring gaze

28
Q

When does hypothyroidism occur?

A

when the gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

29
Q

What does hypothyroidism cause?

A

causes chemical reactions of the body to slow down

30
Q

What is hypothyroidism associated with?

A

nontoxic goiter, which causes visible swelling of one or both lobes

31
Q

Hypothyroidism may be caused by an ________ deficiency.

A

iron

32
Q

Hypothyroidism clinical symptoms: (11)

A

*fatigue, weight gain, difficulty losing weight, constipation, dry/brittle hair, hair loss, flaky skin, heavy menstral periods, intolerance to cold, decreased sexual interest, hoarse scratchy voice

33
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the gland

34
Q

Who does thyroiditis typically affect and what age?

A

*women; 30-50 yrs old

35
Q

Thyroiditis presents as:

A

enlarged tender thyroid and a fever

36
Q

Sonographic findings of thyroiditis: (3)

A
  • nodular
  • irregular
  • developing absess
37
Q

What is thyroiditis caused by?

A

Hashimoto’s disease

38
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

A

Most common cause for thyroiditis; it’s a disorder of the immune system believed to be caused by lymph system destroying the gland.

39
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease is usually found in:

A

young to middle aged women

40
Q

Sonographic findings of Hashimoto’s Disease:

A
  • Heterogeneous

* Generally more hypoechoic than normal thyroid

41
Q

When does thyroid cancer occur?

A

When abnormal cells multiply rapidly

42
Q

What must be performed to diagnose thyroid cancer?

A

a biopsy

43
Q

Thyroid cancer appearance on US: (3)

A
  • may be cystic, solid or complex
  • vary in size/shape
  • may be single or multiple (usually they’re single)
44
Q

Clinical symptoms of thyroid cancer: (3)

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • difficulty breathing
  • painless palpable neck mass
45
Q

What are the sonographic features of malignancy: (4)

A
  • jagged irregular borders
  • poorly marginated
  • hypoechoic lesions
  • calcifications
46
Q

Thyroid cancer diagnosis is performed with:

A

needle biopsy which is frequently performed under US guidance

47
Q

What determines staging in thyroid cancer?

A

blood tests

48
Q

What is the treatment for thyroid cancer? (2 things)

A
  • surgical removal of part or all of the gland

* chemotherapy for metastasis

49
Q

What are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?

A
  • papillary
  • follicular
  • medullary
  • anaplastic
50
Q

Describe the papillary cell type:

A

most common; grows slowly; successful treatment

51
Q

Describe the follicular cell type:

A

slow growing; good cure rate; can be difficult to control if it invades blood vessels, lymph nodes or other neck tissues

52
Q

Describe the medullary cell type:

A

difficult to control due to it’s tendency to metastasize–research indicates it may be inherited

53
Q

Describe the anaplastic cell type:

A

rare; fast growing; metastasizes readily; poor prognosis–death occurs w/in months of dx

54
Q

Most common primary tumors in metastatic disease: (5)

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
  • breast
  • lung
  • melanoma
  • recurrent thyroid

Abdominal-Thyroid Pathology (1 decks)

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