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Abdominal-Thyroid Pathology > Thyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Thyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benign pathologies? (6)

A
  • Cysts
  • Adenomas
  • Goiters
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Thyroiditis
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2
Q

Are true simple cysts of they thyroid common or rare?

A

rare

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3
Q

Most thyroid cysts are:

A

*complex with irregularly shaped walls and internal echoes caused by hemorrhage

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4
Q

Hemorrhagic cysts result from:

A

trauma or from degeneration of an adenoma

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5
Q

What may be seen in hemorrhagic cysts?

A

*debris or fluid

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6
Q

Thyroglossal duct cysts constitute ______% of all neck anomalies.

A

70%

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7
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct?

A

An embryologic remnant of the thyroid diverticulum

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8
Q

Where is a thyroglossal duct cyst positioned?

A

Midline anterior to the trachea

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9
Q

What is the most common thyroid mass?

A

Adenoma

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10
Q

Adenomas account for _______% of palpable thyroid nodules?

A

85%

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11
Q

Sonographic findings of adenomas: (8)

A
  • variable in size
  • usually numerous (unlike carcinomas)
  • may be hyperechoic, isoechoic, or hypoechoic
  • may have a hyperechoic halo around it due to the fibrous tissue that encapsulate some adenomas
  • cystic degeneration of adenomas is a common complication
  • may be loculated, single or multiple
  • vary in size and shape
  • debris or solid components may be seen w/in them giving them a complex appearance
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12
Q

What is a goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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13
Q

Goiters may be referred to as:

A

multinodular goiters

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14
Q

Cystic degeneration is:

A

not uncommon and may be referred to as multinodular cystic goiter

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15
Q

Multinodular cystic goiters develop:

A

over a long period of time and are usually asymptomatic.

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16
Q

With goiters, what may develop at later stages?

A

Hypothyroidism

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17
Q

Goiters can be classified as what 2 things?

A
  • Nontoxic

* Toxic

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18
Q

What are nontoxic (simple) goiters associated with?

A

hypothyroidism

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19
Q

Sonographic appearance of nontoxic (simple) goiters:

A

smooth and homogenous but diffusely enlarged

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20
Q

What are toxic (diffuse) goiters associated with?

A

Grave’s disease–complex autoimmune disease

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21
Q

Sonographic appearance of toxic (diffuse) goiters:

A
  • diffuse enlargement of gland
  • decrease in echogenicity
  • increased vascularity referred to as a thyroid inferno
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22
Q

Hyperthyroidism occurs when:

A

overactivity in the thyroid gland causes a metabolic imbalance

23
Q

With hyperthyroidism, the gland produces too much:

A

T3 and T4, causing the body’s chemical reactions to speed up

24
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

25
What is Grave's disease?
*An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid causing it to enlarge diffusely as a result of a toxic goiter
26
Who does hyperthyroidism typically affect, men or women? What age?
women; 30-40 yrs old
27
Clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism: (10)
*fatigue, weight loss, trembling hands, increased appetite, intolerant to heat, increased sweating, increased bowel movements, protruding eyeballs (exophthalmia), rash on front of legs, staring gaze
28
When does hypothyroidism occur?
when the gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone
29
What does hypothyroidism cause?
causes chemical reactions of the body to slow down
30
What is hypothyroidism associated with?
nontoxic goiter, which causes visible swelling of one or both lobes
31
Hypothyroidism may be caused by an ________ deficiency.
iron
32
Hypothyroidism clinical symptoms: (11)
*fatigue, weight gain, difficulty losing weight, constipation, dry/brittle hair, hair loss, flaky skin, heavy menstral periods, intolerance to cold, decreased sexual interest, hoarse scratchy voice
33
What is thyroiditis?
Inflammation of the gland
34
Who does thyroiditis typically affect and what age?
*women; 30-50 yrs old
35
Thyroiditis presents as:
enlarged tender thyroid and a fever
36
Sonographic findings of thyroiditis: (3)
* nodular * irregular * developing absess
37
What is thyroiditis caused by?
Hashimoto's disease
38
What is Hashimoto's disease?
Most common cause for thyroiditis; it's a disorder of the immune system believed to be caused by lymph system destroying the gland.
39
Hashimoto's Disease is usually found in:
young to middle aged women
40
Sonographic findings of Hashimoto's Disease:
* Heterogeneous | * Generally more hypoechoic than normal thyroid
41
When does thyroid cancer occur?
When abnormal cells multiply rapidly
42
What must be performed to diagnose thyroid cancer?
a biopsy
43
Thyroid cancer appearance on US: (3)
* may be cystic, solid or complex * vary in size/shape * may be single or multiple (usually they're single)
44
Clinical symptoms of thyroid cancer: (3)
* difficulty swallowing * difficulty breathing * painless palpable neck mass
45
What are the sonographic features of malignancy: (4)
* jagged irregular borders * poorly marginated * hypoechoic lesions * calcifications
46
Thyroid cancer diagnosis is performed with:
needle biopsy which is frequently performed under US guidance
47
What determines staging in thyroid cancer?
blood tests
48
What is the treatment for thyroid cancer? (2 things)
* surgical removal of part or all of the gland | * chemotherapy for metastasis
49
What are the 4 types of thyroid cancer?
* papillary * follicular * medullary * anaplastic
50
Describe the papillary cell type:
most common; grows slowly; successful treatment
51
Describe the follicular cell type:
slow growing; good cure rate; can be difficult to control if it invades blood vessels, lymph nodes or other neck tissues
52
Describe the medullary cell type:
difficult to control due to it's tendency to metastasize--research indicates it may be inherited
53
Describe the anaplastic cell type:
rare; fast growing; metastasizes readily; poor prognosis--death occurs w/in months of dx
54
Most common primary tumors in metastatic disease: (5)
* renal cell carcinoma * breast * lung * melanoma * recurrent thyroid

Abdominal-Thyroid Pathology (1 decks)

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