Thyroid + GI surgery

Question 1

what is the most common cause of clinical solitary thyroid nodule?

Answer 1

Nodular goitre

Question 2

What is the best treatment option for toxic goitres

Answer 2

total thyroidectomy

can also use radioactive iodine but above is preferred

Question 3

what are causes of papillary thyroid carcinoma + key words

Answer 3

low dose irradiation

tumour cells are grooved and clear nuclei as well as psammoma bodies

Question 4

how to reliably distinguish parathyroid adenoma from hyperplasia?

Answer 4

intraoperative findings

Question 5

What are the causes of respiratory distress following thyroidectomy

Answer 5

bilateral RLN damage 
aspiration 
laryngeal oedema
wound haematoma
tracheomalacia

Question 6

what is the importance of tubercle of zuckerkandl

Answer 6

marks possible course of RLN

Question 7

most important test for thyroglossal cysts

Answer 7

thyroid radionucleotide scans

Question 8

What increases the risk of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcers

Answer 8

ulcer in the first part of the duodenum

Question 9

significant risk factor predictor of perforated duodenal ulcer

Answer 9

shock at presentation - hypovolaemic most common
renal insufficiency 
delayed presentation 
concurrent medical illnesses
age >70 yo 
liver cirrhosis
immunocompromised 
if ulcer is gastric over duodenal

Question 10

Barrett’s oesophagus can be described as…?

Answer 10

change in the oesophageal epithelium to a columnar epithelium. This can be recognised on endoscopy and confirmed by biopsy to show intestinal metaplasia