Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Final > Thyroid and Parathyroid Medications > Flashcards

Thyroid and Parathyroid Medications Flashcards

1
Q

what are the actions of thyroid hormone?

A
  • stimulates energy (metabolic energy)
  • heart rate and force of contractions
  • growth and development of the nervous skeletal system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between T3 and T4?

A

T3 - 20%, more active, and more potent

T4 - 80%, breaks down into T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does thyroid hormone release?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

regulates calcium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where does thyroid regulation begin?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is primary hypothyroidism?

A

caused from risk factors, exposure, the environment, food, and radiation for treatment for hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is secondary hypothyroidism?

A

malfunction in the feedback loop, endocrine issue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does goitrogenic mean?

A

food that can affect thyroid function by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones

  • blocks absorption of TSH
  • inhibit the release of TSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are examples of goitrogenic foods?

A
  • soy
  • red wine
  • strawberry
  • green leafy vegetables
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • intolerance to cold
  • extreme fatigue
  • slow metabolism
  • dry skin
  • metabolism
  • decrease heart rate
  • pale and lethargy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what would happen if a patient is receiving too much Synthroid?

A

they would have opposite symptoms - hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is myxedema?

A

full-blown hypothyroid syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is endemic?

A

lack of iodine in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a goiter?

A

irregular growth of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the three types of goiters?

A
  • simple
  • endemic
  • sporadic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a simple goiter?

A

the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough hormone therefore the thyroid hormone needs to work harder and it grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is an endemic goiter?

A

lack of iodine in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a sporadic goiter?

A

typically a side effect of a drug (an example would be lithium which is psychiatric med)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism?

A

levothyroxine (Synthroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how should levothyroxine (Synthroid) be taken?

A
  • usually given PO once daily, on empty stomach with no food for 1/2 hour afterward
  • if taken with food the effectiveness decreases so you would need a higher dose
  • stay consistent either with or without food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the normal dose for levothyroxine (Synthroid)?

A

50-150 mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how long does it take for levothyroxine (Synthroid) to reach a therapeutic level? why?

A

1 month - T4 half-life is 1 week that is why you get your blood checked after 1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how often should levothyroxine (Synthroid) be taken?

A

once per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is levothyroxine (Synthroid) made of?

A

synthetic T4 - don’t need to take T3 because the T4 will become T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a rare but serious side effect of levothyroxine (Synthroid)?

A

arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does levothyroxine (Synthroid) decrease the effectiveness of?

A
  • GI absorption
  • Dilantin, Tegretol, and Zoloft - accelerates absorption
  • digoxin and insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does levothyroxine (Synthroid) increase the effectiveness of?

A

Coumadin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what route can levothyroxine (Synthroid) be given?

A

PO and IV for myxedema coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • increased heart rate
  • increased energy level
  • diarrhea
  • sweaty
  • weightloss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a common medication used for hyperthyroidism?

A

beta-blockers like propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are some causes of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • inflammation
  • increased iodine in the diet
  • grave’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is exophthalmos?

A

bulging eyes caused by hyperthyroidism/grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the treatment for exophthalmos?

A

glucocorticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

why is thyroid storm?

A

severe and life-threatening hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of thyroid storm?

A
  • severe tachycardia
  • severe agitation
  • possible LOC
  • death
  • tremors
  • heart failure
  • coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are 4 treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

A
  • propylthiouracil (PTU)
  • methimazole (tapazole)
  • nonradioactive iodine
  • radioactive iodine
38
Q

what is the normal range for TSH?

A

0.3-6

39
Q

is TSH increased or decreased with hypothyroidism?

A

increased

40
Q

is TSH increased or decreased with hyperthyroidism?

A

decreased

41
Q

are T3 and T4 increased or decreased with hypothyroidism?

A

decreased

42
Q

are T3 and T4 increased or decreased with hyperthyroidism?

A

increased

43
Q

what is the TSH value for hypothyroidism?

A

greater than 6

44
Q

what is the TSH value for hyperthyroidism?

A

less than 0.3

45
Q

what is the action for propylthiouracil (PTU)?

A

inhibits the conversion of T4 and T3 - reduces T3

46
Q

what is propylthiouracil (PTU) used for?

A
  • severe hyperthyroidism or thyroid storm

- preparation of thyroid gland prior to surgery or radioactive treatment

47
Q

what is the advantage of propylthiouracil (PTU)?

A

takes effect quickly

48
Q

what is a rare but serious side effect of propylthiouracil (PTU)?

A

agranulocytosis

49
Q

what is the action of methimazole (Tapazole)?

A

suppresses the synthesis of thyroid hormone

50
Q

what is the difference between methimazole (Tapazole) and propylthiouracil (PTU)?

A

methimazole (Tapazole) is then times more potent than propylthiouracil (PTU) but works more slowly
- methimazole (Tapazole) is preferred use for pregnancy and breastfeeding

51
Q

what is methimazole (Tapazole) used for?

A

hyperthyroidism and prior to surgery or radioiodine

52
Q

what is the dosing like for methimazole (Tapazole)?

A

once a day

53
Q

what is the adverse effect of methimazole (Tapazole)?

A

agranulocytosis

54
Q

what is nonradioactive iodine used for?

A

used for rapid treatment for hyperthyroidism

- alternative to surgery

55
Q

what is the action of nonradioactive iodine?

A

reduces gland vascularity and suppresses thyroid

- basically makes some of the thyroid inactive

56
Q

how is nonradioactive iodine administered?

A

administer PO as a strong iodine solution (SSKI) or Lugol’s solution
- also can be given IV for thyroid storm

57
Q

what is the action of radioactive iodine (131-1)?

A

destroys thyroid tissue to treat Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

58
Q

what are the advantages of radioactive iodine (131-1)?

A
  • exposes only the thyroid tissue to altering radiation
  • eliminates the surgical risk
  • allows for outpatient treatment
59
Q

what can radioactive iodine (131-1) cause?

A

may induce delayed hypothyroidism and that will be lifelong

60
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone regulate?

A

calcium levels in the blood

61
Q

what triggers the release of parathyroid hormone regulate?

A

decreased calcium

62
Q

what inhibits parathyroid hormone?

A

hypercalcemia

63
Q

what does hypoparathyroidism manifest as?

A

hypocalcemia

64
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

hypocalcemia - tetany, muscle spasms, and convulsions

65
Q

what is hypoparathyroidism caused by?

A

surgical removal

66
Q

what does PTH activate?

A

vitamin D, which promotes the absorption of calcium in diet and bones and reduces excretion in kidneys

67
Q

what is the normal level of calcium in the blood?

A

10.5mg/deciliter

68
Q

what are the signs of hypocalcemia?

A

chvostek’s signs and trousseau’s sign

69
Q

what is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • PTH can’t be given as medication

- you can treat the hypocalcemia with calcium replacement agents and Calcitrol (Vitamin D3)

70
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • hypercalcemia
  • decalcification of bones
  • deposition of calcium deposits in body tissue
  • weakness
  • lethargy
  • bone abnormalities
71
Q

what can cause hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • parathyroid adenoma
  • CKD especially in dialysis patients
  • malabsorption by intestines
72
Q

what two drugs are used for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • cinacalcet

- calcitonin

73
Q

what is the action of cinacalcet?

A

treatment for hyperparathyroidism

- decreases secretion of PTH and normalizes serum Ca

74
Q

what teaching is needed with cinacalcet?

A
  • take with meals

- watch for signs of hypocalcemia

75
Q

what is the role of calcium?

A
  • heart contractions
  • clotting
  • nerve functions
76
Q

what drugs therapies are used for osteoporosis?

A
  • calcium preparations
  • vitamin D
  • calcitonin
  • bisphosphonates
  • selective estrogen receptor modulators
77
Q

what are examples of calcium preparations?

A
  • calcium carbonate - TUMS
  • calcium citrate - citrican
  • tricalcium phosphate
78
Q

what is Vitamin D?

A

fat-soluble vitamin used for chronic hypocalcemia is not well controlled with calcium supplements alone

79
Q

what is Vitamin D used for?

A
  • rickets and hypoparathyroidism

- recommended and for breastfed infants

80
Q

what is calcitonin-salmon (Miacalcin) used for?

A

paget’s disease and postmenopausal osteoporosis

81
Q

what are s/e of calcitonin-salmon (Miacalcin)?

A

itching, redness, and nasal irritation

82
Q

what is the action of calcitonin-salmon (Miacalcin)?

A
  • inhibits osteoclast activity which are the cells responsible for breaking down bones which then reduces calcium levels in the blood
  • decreases the resorption of calcium in the kidneys
83
Q

what is unique about calcitonin-salmon (Miacalcin)?

A

nasal spray - 1 spray per day and alternate nostrils

84
Q

what do bisphosphates end in?

A

-dronate

85
Q

what are bisphosphates used for?

A

prevent and treat and osteoporosis

86
Q

what teaching is needed with bisphosphates?

A
  • give in empty stomach with a full glass of water

- must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after administration

87
Q

what is the action of bisphosphates?

A

inhibits bone reabsorption by osteoclasts which reduces the risk of fractures

88
Q

what is an example of a selective estrogen receptor modulator?

A

raloxifene (Evista)

89
Q

what is the action of a selective estrogen receptor modulator?

A

mimics the effect of estrogen on the bone

90
Q

what is the use of a selective estrogen receptor modulator?

A

postmenopausal osteoporosis

91
Q

what is the adverse effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators?

A

DVT, PE, fetal harm, and stroke of coronary events

Pharm Final (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions