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Anatomy of Thorax > Throax > Flashcards

Throax Flashcards

1
Q

X-ray colouring explained

A

White- dense so rays don’t pass through
Grey- some pass through, soft tissue
Black- all pass through, air/fat

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2
Q

Contrasting agents

A

Barium

Iodine

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3
Q

3 planes in imagery

A

Sagittal
Axial
Coronal

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4
Q

Difference between T1 and T2 MRI

A

T1 fluid is black

T2 fluid is white

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5
Q

Difference in CT and MRI

A

Fat is black in CT and white in MRI
Bone marrow is grey in CT
Cortical bone is white in CT and black in MRI

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6
Q

PET scan shows

A

Which tissues are metabolically active, useful for showing cancers

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7
Q

Describe rib formation with sternum

A

Rib 1 costal cartilage joins to manubrium
Rib 2 joins at sternal angle
Ribs 3-7 joins to the body With 7th on xiphoid-body joint
8-10 join costal cartilages above

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8
Q

Categories the ribs

A

Ribs 1-7 are true ribs
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs
Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs

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9
Q

What is located in thoracic inlet

A 
Subclavian arteries and veins
Internal jugular veins
Common carotid arteries
Oesophagus 
Trachea
Apex of lungs
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10
Q

External intercostal formation and direction

A

Form inferiorly and laterally from lower border of rib above

Run inferiorly and anteriorly from rib above in oblique direction

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11
Q

Internal intercostal formation and direction

A

Formations begin at lower border of rib above to the rib below
Are at 90degrees to external intercostal
Run inferiorly and posteriorly in oblique direction

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12
Q

Innermost Intercostal

A

Deepest and extend in same direction as internal intercostal

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13
Q

Intercostal nerve origins

A

Originate from ventral ramus of spinal nerve giving formation of lateral and anterior cutaneous branches

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14
Q

Intercostal bundles

A

Vein- most superior
Artery
Nerve

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15
Q

Intercostal artery origin

A

Posteriorly anastomoses with aorta

Anteriorly anatomoses with thoracic artery

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16
Q

Anterior branching of intercostal arteries

A

Spaces 1-6 have direct branches off of internal thoracic artery
7-9 have branches off the end branches
10-11 have no anterior branches

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17
Q

Mediastinum

A

Area between the two lungs in the thorax

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18
Q

Parts of the pectoralis major

A

Sternoclavicular head- originates from sternum and first 7 costal cartilage
Clavicular head- originates from anterior surface of medial half of clavicle
Join to humerus

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19
Q

Subclavius

A

Passes laterally from where rib 1 meets costal cartilage to middle third of clavicle
Contracts clavicle medially to stabilise joint

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20
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Passes from anterior surface of ribs 3-5 to carotids process of scapula

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21
Q

Trachea levels

A

From C6 to T4/5

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22
Q

Lobes and fissures of each lung

A

Right has inferior, middle and superior lobes
Oblique fissure separates superior from muddle and inferior and horizontal fissure separates middle and inferior
Left has an oblique fissure which separates superior and inferior

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23
Q

Spaces in pleural cavity

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess- inferior

Costomediastinal recess- medial

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24
Q

Margin of diaphragm

A

Attaches to xiphoid proces
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
Lumbar vertebrae and median arcuate ligament

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25
Breathing mechanics
Ribs are thrusted forward and upwards like a bucket handle Increases transverse diameter of thoracic cavity Contraction of diaphragm increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity Overall reduces pleural pressure and causes entry of air
26
Superior Mediastinum Outline
From thoracic inlet to line from sternal angle to between t4/5
27
Division of mediastinum
Above sternal angle is the superior | Below is inferior which is divided into anterior, middle(pericardial sac) and inferior
28
Azygous vein function and divisions
Drains posterior wall of thorax and abdomen arching over right lung root to sac Provides veins for intercostal space Produces hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous (superior to hemiazygous)
29
Shunts that change at birth
Ductus arteriosis to ligamentus arterosis | Foreamen ovale to ovale fossa
30
Right Vagus Pathway
Lies beside trachea Posterior to brachiocephalic vein and anterior to arteries Crosses posterior to root of lung Right recurrent laryngeal goes around right subclavian Breaks up into batches on oesophagus
31
Left Vagus Pathway
Between left common carotid and subclavian artery Crosses left side of aortic arch with recurrent laryngeal going underneath Passes posterity to root of lung
32
Phrenic nerve functions
``` Motor to diaphragm Sensory to tendon of diaphragm Mediastinal pleura Peritoneum of central diaphragm Pericardium ```
33
Right phrenic nerve
Lies of right brachiocephalic vein and svc | and anteriorly to root of lung
34
Left phrenic nerve
Lies on left brachiocephalic vein | and left side of pericardium and anterior to root of lung
35
Borders of the heart
Right- RA Inferior- mainly RV but some lV Left- LV Posterior- LA
36
Pericardial Sinuses
Formed by reflection of serous pericardium onto the heart Transverse-between superior and posterior reflections Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk but anterior to SVC Oblique-between pulmonary veins Where pericardium sticks out creating sinus that goes inwards
37
Drainage into right atrium
From SVC, IVC and coronary sinus
38
Valves attachments
Valves attach to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae
39
Parasympathetic Nerves
``` Oculomotor CN3 Facial CN5 Glossopharygeal CN9 Vagus CN10 Sacral nerves 2-4 spinal nerves ```
40
Autonomic afferent neurone
Travels up through the paraverterbral ganglia and white ramus communicans to the dorsal root
41
Movement of lymph
Maintained by skeletal muscle and arteries pulsating | Have valves to ensure unidirectional
42
Superficial Lymph drainage
Body is split into 4 quadrants divided at the midline and the umbilicus Inguinal nodes are in the lower quadrants and axillary at upper With cervical nodes that drain the head and neck These then penetrate to deep adjacent nodes
43
Thoracic Nodes
Parasternal adjacent to sternum Intercostal on posterior Diaphragmatic underneath xiphoid process
44
Lymphatic drainage pathway form abdomen
Cisterna chyli drains the abdomen and the pelivs Then forms thoracic duct at L2 Ascends between azygos and aorta Then crosses over to left at T5 and empties into subclavian vein
45
Lymphatics of heart
Vessels follow coronary arteries and drain into brachiocepahllic and tracheobronchial
46
Lymphatics of posterior mediastinum
Pre and para aortic nodes drain the oesophagus, diaphragm and liver and go to the thoracic duct and posterior mediastinal
47
Lymphatics of lung
Tracheobronchial nodes which unite with parasternal and brochiocephalic to form broncho-mediastinal trunks
48
Lymphatic flow in thorax
Diaphragmatic go to parasternal and posterior mediastinal Parasternal go to brachiocephalic which join with posterior intercostal and tracheobronchial to form broncho mediastinal trunks that drain into subclavian Some posterior mediastinal drain into thoracic duct
49
Breast anatomy
15-20 lactiferous ducts and glandular lobules (ductal lobular unit) 4-18 Areola glands (open onto nipple and areola) Fat lies interspersed between ductal lobular unit Organ divided by fibrous septa that radiate from the centre called suspensory/coopers ligaments
50
Nervous innervation of the breast
Anterior and lateral branches of Intercostal nerves T2-6
51
Breast ultrasound
Glandular tissue-white | Dense tissue -black
52
Lymphatic drainage of breast
Medial- parasternal nodes Lateral- axillary nodes- 75% Relavent to metastases- brain, liver, bone, lungs
53
Breast Blood supply
Laterally by branches of axillary - lateral thoracic | Medially by internal thoracic- t2-4
54
4 Constrictions of oesophagus
Junction of pharynx Crosses aortic arch Compressed by left main bronchi Oesophagus hiatus (enters diaphragm)
55
Arteries of oesophagus
From thoracic aorta Broncial arteries Posterior intercostal arteries Ascending branches of left epigastric
56
Veins of oesophagus
Azygos Hemiazygos Accessory hemiazygos
57
Splanchnic Nerves
Greater- T5-9/10 goes to coeliac ganglion Lesser- T9-10 or T10-11 goes to aorticorenal ganglion Least- T12- renal plexus
58
Markings of pleura
``` Apex- above middle third of clavicle Medial- xiphoid process MCL- 8th riv MAL- 10th rib Posterior- T12 ```
59
Markings of lungs
``` Apex-Above middle third of clavicle Front- xiphoid MCL- 6th MAL- 8th Post-T10 ```
60
Markings of the fissures
Oblique- Post- T3 MAL-6 Anterior- 6th costal cartilage Horizontal- 4th costal cartilage to meet oblique in MAL
61
Joints
Costovertebral- ribs and vertebrae Costotransverse- transverse process Sternocostal- synovial (rib 2 has 2 joints) Interchondral- synovial- between costal cartilage Manubrioxiphisternal-symphyses, moves in breathing Manubriosternal- symphysis Fibrocartilaginous joint- rib 1 and sternum
62
Vessels and nerves peneratrating the diaphragm at points
IVC- T8 Vagus and oesophagus -T10 Aorta, azygous, thoracic duct- T12
63
Muscle at anterior of thorax but posterior to sternum
Transversus thoracic muscles | Depresses costal cartilage
64
Drainage of anterior of thorax
Internal thoracic vein
65
Trachea level arise and end
C4-T4/5
66
Lungs- anatomy
2 surfaces- mediastinal and costal | 3 borders- inferior, anterior and posterior
67
Phrenic nerve origination
C3, C4, C5
68
Aorta and bronchi relativity
Aorta hooks over left main bronchi
69
Aorta and SVC relativity
SVC is on the right of the aorta and the left brachiocephalic vein passes anteriorly to the aorta crossing it
70
Splanchnic nerves
Greater splanchinic nerve- T5-9- celiac ganglion Lesser splanchnic nerve -T10-12-aorticorenal ganglion Least splanchnic nerve- T12-Renal Plexus Pelvic Splanchnic nerve- S2-4- Parasympathetic
71
Cardiac Tamponade
Fluid in parietal caitvity Compresses heart Difficulty pumping
72
Pericardicitis
Inflammation. of sac | Similar symptoms to MI
73
Right coronary branches
Sini-Atrial nodal branch Marginal Posterior intraventricualr
74
Bundles in the heart
Bachmanns bundle in left atrium Right and left bundle of HIs Left posterior bundle branches off of left
75
Cardiac Markings
Top right- 3rd CC, 1cm from sternal border Bottom right- 6th CC 1 cm "" Bottom left- 5th ICS at MC line Top left - 2nd ICS- 2.5 cm form border
76
Valve auscultation
Aortic-2nd ICS right of border Pulmonary- 2nd ICS left of border Tricupsid- 5th ICS left of border Mitral- 5th ICS- 2.5 cm out
77
Apex beat palpitation
5th ICS, palm and middle 3- middle in ICS | MAL-MCL
78
Lymphatic drainage of quadrants
UR- right subclavian | UL, LR,LL- left subclavian
79
Oesophagus levels
C7-T11 | T7 deviates and goes anterior to aorta
80
Vertebrae facets
Demifacet/ costal facet- head ribs Transverse- tubercle of ribs Articular facets on articular processes
81
Breast innervation
Intercostal 2-6 | Nipple 4th

Anatomy of Thorax (1 decks)

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