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ENT Accessory > Throat pathology > Flashcards

Throat pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What mucosa is present superior to vocal cords?

A

Squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What mucosa is present superior to vocal cords?

A

Squamous epithelium

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3
Q

What does the mucosa change to after the vocal cords?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

What kind of gland is the salivary gland?

A

Exocrine

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5
Q

What causes laryngeal polyps?

A

Vocal abuse
Smoking
infection

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6
Q

What can form due to GORD?

A

Contact ulcer

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7
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Break in the epithelium below the basement membrane

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8
Q

How do ulcers heal?

A

Granulation tissue by fibroblasts and vascular proliferation

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9
Q

What tumour is related to HPV?

A

Squamous papilloma

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10
Q

At what age is squamous papilloma common?

A

Under 5

20-40

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11
Q

Which HPV strains may squamous papilloma be related to?

A

type 6 & 11

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12
Q

What is a paraganglioma?

A

Tumour arrising in neuroendocrine cells

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13
Q

What are the two types of paraganglioma?

A

Chromaffin positive

Chromaffin negative

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14
Q

Describe a chromaffin positive paraganglioma

A

Sympathetic nervous system.
Secretes adrenaline
Adrenal medulla or paravertebral

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15
Q

Give an example of a chromaffin positive paraganglioma

A

Phaechromocytoma

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16
Q

Where do chromaffin negative paragangliomas affect?

A

Above the diaphragm

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17
Q

Paragangliomas are associated with what condition?

A

MEN2

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18
Q

Are paraganglioma malignant?

A

Can be

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19
Q

What malignant tumour can form, mainly due to smoking and alcohol in the oral cavity?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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20
Q

What are sialothiasis?

A

Stones on the salivary glands

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21
Q

What virus causes mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus

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22
Q

Where is the most likely place to get a tumour?

A

Parotid gland

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23
Q

What nerve runs through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve

24
Q

Where are malignant tumours likely to be located?

A

Small glands

25
Q

What is the most common benign tumour of a salivary gland?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

26
Q

Who is most associated with pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Females over 60 with a long history of parotid issues

27
Q

Which benign tumour, associated with males over 50, is associated with smoking?

A

Warthins tumour

28
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands?

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

29
Q

What is the prognosis for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

A

35% at 5 years

30
Q

What does the mucosa change to after the vocal cords?

A

Respiratory epithelium

31
Q

What kind of gland is the salivary gland?

A

Exocrine

32
Q

What causes laryngeal polyps?

A

Vocal abuse
Smoking
infection

33
Q

What can form due to GORD?

A

Contact ulcer

34
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Break in the epithelium below the basement membrane

35
Q

How do ulcers heal?

A

Granulation tissue by fibroblasts and vascular proliferation

36
Q

What tumour is related to HPV?

A

Squamous papilloma

37
Q

At what age is squamous papilloma common?

A

Under 5s

20-40

38
Q

Which HPV strains may it be related to?

A

type 6 & 11

39
Q

What is a paraganglioma?

A

Tumour arrising in neuroendocrine cells

40
Q

What are the two types of paraganglioma?

A

Chromaffin positive

Chromaffin negative

41
Q

Describe a chromaffin positive paraganglioma

A

Sympathetic nervous system.
Secretes adrenaline
Adrenal medulla or paravertebral

42
Q

Give an example of a chromaffin positive paraganglioma

A

Phaechromocytoma

43
Q

Where do chromaffin negative paragangliomas affect?

A

Above the diaphragm

44
Q

Paragangliomas are associated with what condition?

A

MEN2

45
Q

Are paraganglioma malignant?

A

Can be

46
Q

What malignant tumour can form, mainly due to smoking and alcohol in the oral cavity?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

47
Q

What are sialothiasis?

A

Stones on the salivary glands

48
Q

What virus causes mumps?

A

Paramyxovirus

49
Q

Where is the most likely place to get a tumour?

A

Parotid gland

50
Q

What nerve runs through the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve

51
Q

Where are malignant tumours likely to be located?

A

Small glands

52
Q

What is the most common benign tumour of a salivary gland?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

53
Q

Who is most associated with pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Females over 60 with a long history of parotid issues

54
Q

Which benign tumour, associated with males over 50, is associated with smoking?

A

Warthins tumour

55
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands?

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

56
Q

What is the prognosis for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

A

35% at 5 years

ENT Accessory (16 decks)

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