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ENT > Throat > Flashcards

Throat Flashcards

1
Q

What are laryngeal polyps?

A

Benign grape-like nodules which form on the vocal cords from chronic irritation

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2
Q

What can cause laryngeal polpys to form?

A

Anything which causes chronic irritation of the pharynx

Smoking

Vocal abuse

Infections

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3
Q

Name 2 conditions caused by vocal abuse and describe what they are.

A

Laryngeal polpys (benign nodules formed on the vocal cords from chronic irritation)

Contact ulcers (vocal cords banging together causes injury forming granulation tissue and a contact ulcer)

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4
Q

What is squamous papillomatosis?

A

Formation of benign squamous papillomas on the body (commonly on the pharynx, skin and oral cavity)

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5
Q

How does squamous papillomatosis present in children under 5 and what causes it?

A

Multiple papillomas forming over body

HPV-6 and HPV-11

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6
Q

How does squamous papillomatosis present in cadults and what causes it?

A

Solitary papilloma formation

Not always associated with HPV

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7
Q

What strains of HPV cause squamous papillomatosis?

A

HPV-6

HPV-11

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8
Q

What is the most common cancer of the head and neck?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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9
Q

Name 5 risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

A

Smoking/alcohol

HPV-16

Epstein Barr virus

Betel nut

Wood dust exposure

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10
Q

Who tends to get squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from smoking and alcohol?

A

Older people

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11
Q

Who tends to get squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from HPV-16?

A

Younger people with multiple sexual partners

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12
Q

Where does EPV squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) affect?

A

Nasopharynx

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13
Q

Who tends to get squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from EPV?

A

Middle eastern people

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14
Q

How does HPV-16 cause cancer?

A

Production of E6 and E7 proteins which disrupt p53

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15
Q

How might squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) present?

A

Throat/neck pain

Voice changes

Dysphaga

Lump in neck

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16
Q

How does HPV-16 induced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tend to present?

A

With marker cervical lymphadenopathy from a tiny primary tumour

In a young person

17
Q

What parts of the oral cavity tend to be affected by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and what do they look and feel like?

A

Side of tongue
Buccal mucosa

Red/white and firm

18
Q

What investigation is indicated in a patients with voice changes?

A

Endoscopy

19
Q

What is the imagine modality of choice for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

A

Ultrasound

20
Q

Where does HPV squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) affect?

A

Oropharynx

21
Q

What type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) carries the best prognosis and why?

A

HPV-16 induced

Highly chemosenstive

22
Q

What type of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) carries a poor prognosis?

A

Smoking/alcohol induced

23
Q

What strains of HPV cause squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

A

HPV-16

ENT (7 decks)

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