Threat and error management (TEM)

Question 1

TEM model has three components:

Answer 1

• Threats
  
  • Errors
  • Undesired aircraft states

Question 2

External threats

Answer 2

originate from the environment

Question 3

External threats things such as

Answer 3

weather problems , pressure to meet time schedules , heavy traffic , system failures , missed approach

Question 4

External threats can be further sub - divided into

Answer 4

anticipated , unexpected or latent

Question 5

Anticipated or expected external threats include

Answer 5

weather , heavy traffic , or unfamiliar aerodromes

Question 6

Unexpected external threats include

Answer 6

distractions from passengers , in flight diversions

Question 7

Latent external threats include

Answer 7

things not directly obvious to the pilot but are lurking in the background waiting for a particular set of circumstances

include optical illusions such as sloping runways or ‘black hole’ approaches

Question 8

Acronym to remember external threats

Answer 8

ULA

Question 9

Internal threats

Answer 9

brought to the cockpit in the persons of the pilot and crew

Question 10

Internal threats Include things such as

Answer 10

Pilot fatigue , health and fitness , language and cultural issues

Question 11

Threats can further be classified as environmental and

Answer 11

organizational threats

Question 12

Environmental threats exist

Answer 12

because of the environment in which the aircraft is operating

Question 13

Environmental threats include

Answer 13

Airspace communication problems such as may occur in CTA or in a CTAF area

Question 14

Organizational threats originate

Answer 14

from deficiencies in the infrastructure and organization in which the aircraft is operating.

Question 15

Organizational threats include

Answer 15

Documentation errors (misinterpretation of manuals )

Question 16

Acronym to remember environmental and organizational threats

Answer 16

(ORG) (EN)

Question 17

Errors include

Answer 17

handling errors , procedural errors , communication errors

Question 18

Handling errors

Answer 18

anything to do with actual manipulation of the aircraft controls

Question 19

Handling errors Include

Answer 19

• Rounding out too high or too late in landing
• Inappropriate use of power during approach
• Unnecessary excess speed during taxi or unnecessary harsh braking

Question 20

Procedural errors

Answer 20

• Occur across whole spectrum of pilot experience. Often occur as consequence of external or internal threats such as time constraints, poor communication, distraction or poor quality aerodrome markings or signage.

Question 21

Procedural errors Include

Answer 21

• Failure to fly a right hand circuit when required by ERSA
• Failure to stop at a holding point
• Failure to use a written checklist for take off or landing

Question 22

Communication errors

Answer 22

ambiguous or misinterpreted communication

Question 23

Communication errors results from

Answer 23

Unfamiliar foreign accents or rapid speech

Poor quality radio reception

Question 24

Acronym to remember errors

Answer 24

(COM)(PRO)(HAND)

Question 25

Acronym to remember procedural errors

Answer 25

(W)eights and balances
(I)nstrument approach heights
(C)hecklists
(H)olding points

Question 26

Undesired aircraft states

Answer 26

Simply any flight condition , aircraft attitude or aircraft configuration which was not intended by the pilot

Question 27

Undesired aircraft states can be categorized as

Answer 27

Aircraft handling states , Ground navigation states and Aircraft configuration states

Question 28

Acronym to remember undesired aircraft states

Answer 28

(C)onfiguration
(A)ircraft handling
(G)round navigation

Question 29

Aircraft handling states include things such as

Answer 29

altitude, track or speed deviations
( deviations in flight paths )

aircraft control
(deviations in pitch , roll and yaw)

Question 30

Ground navigation states such as

Answer 30

taxing too fast

attempting to use the wrong taxiway or runway

Question 31

Aircraft configuration states such as

Answer 31

incorrect fuel distribution
inappropriate flap or speed brake selection
incorrect autopilot mode

Question 32

Config state errors

acronym to remember

Answer 32

(F)laps config
(W)eights balances
(F)uel
(A)utopilot
(G)PS