Threat and error management (TEM) Flashcards
TEM model has three components:
- Threats
- Errors
- Undesired aircraft states
External threats
originate from the environment
External threats things such as
weather problems , pressure to meet time schedules , heavy traffic , system failures , missed approach
External threats can be further sub - divided into
anticipated , unexpected or latent
Anticipated or expected external threats include
weather , heavy traffic , or unfamiliar aerodromes
Unexpected external threats include
distractions from passengers , in flight diversions
Latent external threats include
things not directly obvious to the pilot but are lurking in the background waiting for a particular set of circumstances
include optical illusions such as sloping runways or ‘black hole’ approaches
Acronym to remember external threats
ULA
Internal threats
brought to the cockpit in the persons of the pilot and crew
Internal threats Include things such as
Pilot fatigue , health and fitness , language and cultural issues
Threats can further be classified as environmental and
organizational threats
Environmental threats exist
because of the environment in which the aircraft is operating
Environmental threats include
Airspace communication problems such as may occur in CTA or in a CTAF area
Organizational threats originate
from deficiencies in the infrastructure and organization in which the aircraft is operating.
Organizational threats include
Documentation errors (misinterpretation of manuals )
Acronym to remember environmental and organizational threats
(ORG) (EN)
Errors include
handling errors , procedural errors , communication errors
Handling errors
anything to do with actual manipulation of the aircraft controls
Handling errors Include
- Rounding out too high or too late in landing
- Inappropriate use of power during approach
- Unnecessary excess speed during taxi or unnecessary harsh braking
Procedural errors
- Occur across whole spectrum of pilot experience. Often occur as consequence of external or internal threats such as time constraints, poor communication, distraction or poor quality aerodrome markings or signage.
Procedural errors Include
- Failure to fly a right hand circuit when required by ERSA
- Failure to stop at a holding point
- Failure to use a written checklist for take off or landing
Communication errors
ambiguous or misinterpreted communication
Communication errors results from
Unfamiliar foreign accents or rapid speech
Poor quality radio reception
Acronym to remember errors
(COM)(PRO)(HAND)
Acronym to remember procedural errors
(W)eights and balances
(I)nstrument approach heights
(C)hecklists
(H)olding points
Undesired aircraft states
Simply any flight condition , aircraft attitude or aircraft configuration which was not intended by the pilot
Undesired aircraft states can be categorized as
Aircraft handling states , Ground navigation states and Aircraft configuration states
Acronym to remember undesired aircraft states
(C)onfiguration
(A)ircraft handling
(G)round navigation
Aircraft handling states include things such as
altitude, track or speed deviations
( deviations in flight paths )
aircraft control
(deviations in pitch , roll and yaw)
Ground navigation states such as
taxing too fast
attempting to use the wrong taxiway or runway
Aircraft configuration states such as
incorrect fuel distribution
inappropriate flap or speed brake selection
incorrect autopilot mode
Config state errors
acronym to remember
(F)laps config
(W)eights balances
(F)uel
(A)utopilot
(G)PS
