Thrall Material Flashcards
1
Q
Diagnosis in Dehydrated Patient with Increased PCV, Increased Albumin, Increased Creatinine and BUN, and Low Specific Gravity (1.011)
A
Renal Failure
*Patient is Dehydrated and unable to Concentrate Urine.
(This Patient had Ingested Anti-Freeze leading to Renal Failure)
1
Q
Test to Confirm Chylous Effusion
A
Triglyceride Ratio
*Fluid Triglyceride has Greater Concentration than Serum Triglyceride
1
Q
Spindle Shaped Cells with Variably Sized Multiple Nuclei on the Imprint of a Liver Mass. What type of Cells are these?
A
Sarcoma Cells
*Neoplastic Cells
2
Q
Antifreeze Poisoning interferes with the Kidneys ability to Concentrate the Urine leading to Extereme _____
A
Dehydration
3
Q
8 Year Old Patient Presents with Lethargy and PU/PD. PCV and Reticulocytes are Above the Reference Range and Total Protein is Normal. What Kind of Polycythemia is occuring?
A
Inappropriate Absolute Polycythemia
*Serum Erythropoeitin Levels are Increased and the Patient is not Hypoxic.
Possible Kidney Tumor or Cyst
3
Q
What Tube will you use to Collect Transudate and Exudate Fluid?
A
Purple Top
*Anti-coagulant in case it Clots
3
Q
Mixed types of Bacteria within Abdominal Fluid. The Source of Bacteria is Certainly the _____
A
GI Tract
3
Q
Fine Needle Aspirate of Inflammatory Lesion with Filamentous Bacteria and Neutrophils. Two most Likely Bacteria
A
Nocardia
Actinomyces
*Common Bacteria in Abcesses that Normally come from Penetrating Foreign Bodies
3
Q
Malignant Tumors of Mesenchymal Cell Origin
A
Sarcoma
3
Q
Enzyme that is a Better indicator for Cholestasis in Cats
A
GGT
*Except for Hepatic Lipidosis
4
Q
Body Cavity Effusion and the Total protein is 3.5 and the Cell count is 5000. How would you Categorize the Fluid?
A
Modified Transudate
*Not enough cells to be an Exudate and borderline with Protein. Transudate that has been modified by the Presence of cells and Protein.
5
Q
_____ Proteins are commonly found in Urine with Laboratory Findings in Multiple Myelomas
A
Bence Jones
*Not picked up by Dip-Sticks
5
Q
When Doing a Fine Needle Aspirate Preparation, keep it away from _____, because it interferes with the Wright Staining
A
Formalin
*Formalin Fumes will Interfere
6
Q
Protozoal disease Transmitted by Sandflies primarily in Foxhounds. Within the Protozal organism there is a Nucleus and Kinetoplast
A
Leishmaniasis
6
Q
Body Cavity Effusion with 100,000 cells that are all Neutrophils. What is the Cause of the Effusion?
A
Bacterial Peritonitis
*Suppurative Inflammation
6
Q
Enzyme that is considered Liver Specific, except may increase in Very Severe muscle Injury, that increases by 12 hours Post Injury with a Half life of 72 hours in Dogs
A
ALT
7
Q
True/False: Imprints of Tissue work well on Ulcerated Lesions
A
False
*Do not Imprint Ulcerative Lesions
8
Q
True/False: When Making a Fine Needle Aspirate Preparation, it is best Not to Refrigerate Slides, Not to make Squirt Preparations, Not to Wipe off Oil if Staining, and to Avoid Fingerprints on Slides
A
True
*Want to Avoid All of these things
9
Q
What Type of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia is more Common in both Dogs and Cats?
A
T-Cell
*More common than B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemias
9
Q
Immunoglobulins released in Multiple Myelomas can result in _____ of the Blood
A
Hyperviscosity
*Blood becomes Thick and Decreased Blood Flow to Organs- Neurologic problems secondary to Increased Viscosity
9
Q
Three Interpretations about Liver we can make when looking at Biochemical Profile
A
Heptocellular Injury
Cholestasis
Liver Failure
*KNOW this
10
Q
Differential for Lymph Node with Greater than 50% Lymphoblasts
A
Lymphoma
11
Q
2 Year Old cat with Anorexia, Weight loss, and Dyspnea. The Patient has a Thoracic Effusion. On Microscopy you exam Discrete Round Cells with a lot of Nucleus and Little Cytoplasm. What is the Diagnosis?
A
Lymphoma
*Lymphoblasts in the Effusion
11
Q
Cat with a Very high CK value and an Increased AST. ALT is marginally High. What is the Diagnosis?
A
Severe Muscle Damage
*CK would be closer to 2500 if due to Anorexia in a Cat. ALT is probably coming from Muscle as well with a CK that high. Cat had a Severe Leg Wound
13
Patient with Increased PCV and Retics. Arterial Oxygen and Erythropoietin are Normal. What Kind of Polycythemia is most Likely occuring?
Primary Polycythemia
\*Polycythemia Vera- Myeloproliferative Disorder
13
True/False: Multiple Myeloma may lead to Neurological Signs due to Hyperviscosity of Blood
True
\*Blood isn't getting to the Brain
13
\_\_\_\_\_ Neutrophils are suggestive of Bacteria
Degenerate
\*Bacterial Toxins cause Neutrophils to fall apart
14
Difference between Serum Protein and Plasma Protein
Fibrinogen
\*about 200mg/dl
15
Best Preparation Technique with Body fluids to Avoid Breaking of Cells
Pull Film Preparation
\*Cell Distribution will be Even
15
Only Effusion that will have more Globulin in them than Albumin
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
\*High Protein/ Low Cell Count
15
Induced Enyzme of Cholestasis that is Associated with Epithelial cells in Bile Duct System
GGT
16
Which Immunoglobulin tends to Lead to Hyperviscosity in Multiple Myeloma
IgM
\*IgG doesn't lead to Much Hyperviscosity
16
When removing Fluid from the Thoracic cavity, it is best to use a \_\_\_\_, rather than a needle
Catheter
\*Don't want to Puncture the Lungs with a Needle
16
If a Patient has an Increased ALP Without Hyperbilirubinemia, what two Differentials should we be Suspecting?
Steroid
Anticonvulsant
\*We expect to see Hyperbilirubinemia as well if ALP is increased due to Cholestasis
17
True/False: Ethylene Glycol Metabolites are toxic to Renal Epithelial cells
True
\*Can see High Glucose levels in animals with Anti-Freeze toxicity
17
Inflammation with Predominantly Neutrophils in Fluid
Suppurative
\*Neutrophilic Inflammation
17
True/False: Magnitude of Enzyme Activity in the Serum Gives and Indication in the Sererity of Damage to the Cells
False!!!
\*Magnitude of Enzyme in the Serum does not Give Indication of Cell Damage
17
Primary Enzyme that we Look at for Muscle Damage that is Muscle Specific
Creatine Kinase
\*Can be Skeletal, Heart or Smooth Muscle- but is Muscle Specific
17
CK is Very High, AST is Increased and the Horse is Azotemic and Albumin is Increased. His Urine Specific Gravity is 1.045. Is this Pre-renal or Renal Azotemia?
Pre-Renal
\*He is Concentrating his Urine
\*Hyperalbuminemia due to Dehydration
17
\_\_\_\_\_ Enzymes are a signs of Hepatocellular Damage
Leakage
18
Liver Specific Enzyme of Large Animals used to Asses Presence of Hepatocellular Damage with a Very Short Half Life in Vitro
SDH
\*Disadvantage- Short Half Life
19
What Fluid does this Describe:
1. Cloudy Appearance
2. Total Protein Greater than 3 g/dl
3. Nucleated Cell Count Greater than 6,000/ul
4. Clot Formation
Exudate
\*Cell Count Usually Greater than 25,000
19
Abdominal Fluid from a Horse with Predominately with Neutrophils and Some Red Cells and Macrophages. What Type of Inflammation is this?
Supporative/Neutrophilic
\*Normal to have a few RBC's in Effusions
19
Four Criteria of Malignancy
Variable Nuclear Size
Large Multiple Nucleoli
Abnormal Mitosis
Nuclear Molding
\*Nucleoli will be larger than a Red Cell
19
2 Year Old cat with Anorexia, Weight loss, and Dyspnea. The Patient has a Thoracic Effusion. Is this a Transudate or an Exudate?
Exudate
19
4 Causes of Enlarged Lymph Nodes
Hyperplasia/ Reactive- Antigenic Stimulation
Lymphadenitis (Enflamed)
Metastatic Neoplasia
Primary Neoplasia- Lymphoma
19
Dog with Very High CK, Increased AST and slightly Increased ALT. What is the Diagnosis?
Muscle Damage
\*CK and AST are high
19
Leakage Enzymes of Liver are Increased on Biochemical Profile
Hepatocellular Injury
19
Three Substances Synthesized by the Liver, used to Measure Liver Function
Albumin
Urea
Cholesterol
20
Paraproteins produced in Multiple Myelomas
IgG
IgA
Occasionally IgM
22
Leukemia is commonly Diagnosed via Flow Cytometry and ____ Antibody binding to Antigens
Monoclonal
\*Identifies specifically what Kind of Cells are Present
23
Cat with Thoracic Effusion. Hepatocytes appear in Effusion Fluid. What is this Characteristic of?
Clinician Inadvertently Aspirated the Liver
23
Tumors characterized by their Round Appearance with Distinct Cytoplasmic Borders that are Individualized with No Cell to Cell Relationship
Round Cell Tumors
24
3 year Old horse that is Weak and Reluctant to Move. CK is 450 within the Reference Interval and AST is increased at 910.
E. 1 and 3
\*CK would be Increased with Acute Muscle Damage. If Previous Muscle Damage then CK could have gone back to Normal while AST is still Increased
25
Enzyme that is Mainly Liver Specific but can also Increase in Severe Skeletal Muscle Injury
ALT
\*"Liver Specific"- but in cases of SEVERE muscle Injury ALT may increase because 5% of ALT is found in Skeletal Muscle
26
Lymphoproliferative Disorder Characterized by a Long Duration and Small Lymphocytes that appear well Differentiated
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
\*Lymphocytes look Normal
26
Increased Number of Plasma Cells in a Lymph Node, what Kind of Lymph Node?
Hyperplasia/ Reactive- Antigenically Stimulated
27
Lymphoproliferative Disorder characterized by Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, Lymphocytosis, and Lymphoblasts in the Blood that carries a Poor Prognosis
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
\*Rapid Progression and Poor Response to Therapy
29
Four Year old Dog with Dehydration, Increased BUN, Creatinine and Phosphorus. Is this Patient able to Concentrate its Urine?
No
\*Isosthenuric- (between 0.008-0.012)- cannot Concentrate Urine
29
Liver Condition in Cats were ALP will increase while GGT will remain Normal
Hepatic Lipidosis
30
Enzyme that is induced with Cholestasis and Steroids, but not with Anticonvulsant Therapy
GGT
31
This Picture Represents a _____ Gamopathy
Monoclonal
\*All protein was one Specific Kind of Immunoglobulin
\*If the peak is 4x's as long as it is wide, then it is probably a Monoclonal Gamopathy
32
Body Cavity Effusion and the Total Protein is less than 1g/dl and the Cell Count is 1000. Most Likely cause of Body Cavity Effusion
Hypoalbuminemia
\*Pure Transudate- Very low Cell Count and Protein. Hypoalbuminemia causes Pure Transudates
33
If Patient has Lymphocytosis and all the Cells are either T or B cells, rather than a mixture, that is a very Diagnostic of \_\_\_\_\_
Leukemia
33
Lymph Node aspirate with 25% Plasma Cells, 2% Neutrophils, 10% Lymphoblasts and the remainder are small Lymphocytes. What is your most likely Diagnosis?
Reactive Lymph Node
34
Fluid Formed due to Impaired Blood or Lymph Flow
Modified Transudates
\*Ex. Heart Failure
34
Alkaline Phophatase (ALP) Isoenzymes can Increase via What 3 Origins?
Bone Origin- Growing Animals
Liver Origin- Cholestasis Induced
Corticosteroid Induced
35
Renal Cysts and Tumors leading to Increased Erythropoiein Secretion causes _____ Absolute Polycythemia
Inappropriate
36
Creatine Kinase is Significantly Increased as well as an Increase in AST. What is the Diagnosis?
Rhabdomyolysis
\*These enzymes are coming from the Muscle- Muscle is undergoing Ischemic Necrosis due to Weight of the Cow
38
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is commonly Associated with What Virus in Cats?
Feline Leukemia Virus
39
Horse with Red Urine. Serum is a Light Yellow Color. Urine SpGr is 1.30. Urine Blood is 3+ and Urine Sediment is Normal
A. Myoglobinuria
\*USG is not Low enough to cause Hemolysis. Serum Color is Normal- myoglobin
40
Primary Round Cell Tumor leading to Body Cavity Effusions
Lymphoma
40
Enzyme released in Muscle injury that Increases Slowely, peaking around 24-36 hours post Injury with a Half Life of 12-50 Hours
AST
\*Not Muscle Specific- Could come From Liver
42
What Fluid does this Describe:
1. Clear
2. Total Protein Less than 1 g/dl
3. Nucleated Cell Count Less than 1000/ul
4. No Clot Formation
Pure Transudate
43
Chronic Hypoxia leading to Increased Erythropoietin is known as _____ Absolute Polycythemia
Appropriate
\*Ex. High Altitude
45
Two Leakage Enzymes that are Specific to the Liver
ALT
AST
46
Thoracic fluid from a Cat shows Round Cells with Large Nucleus and Little Cytoplasm. What is the Diagnosis?
Lymphoma
\*aka Round Cell Tumors. Lymphocytes are Larger than Normal- Lymphoblasts
47
Very Characterisitic finding of Fluid in Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Protein
\*Tons of Protein in the Fluid of Cats with FIP
48
True/False: Cellular Piling and Variable Sizing is extermely Suggestive of Malignancy
True
\*The cells will not be Uniform
49
Main Criteria of Malignancy
Variability
\*In size and shape
49
CK is Very High, AST is Increased and the Horse is Azotemic and Albumin is Increased. Blood is 4+ but has no Red Cells on Urine Sediment. Why is the Blood Increased?
Hemoglobinuria or Myoglobinuria
\*USG is not low enough to cause Lysis of Red Cells. Most Likely Myeloglobinuria being released from Dead or Dying Muscle due to Severe Exercise
49
Substance that is Increased in Production due to RBC Destruction, Decreased Uptake or Conjugation by the Liver, or Blockage of Bile Flow (Cholestasis)
Bilirubin
\*May increase due to Liver Disease
50
Four Diagnostic Findings in Multiple Myeloma
Monoclonal Gammopathy
Increased Plasma Cells in Bone Marrow
Lytic Lesions in Bones
Bence-Jones Proteins in Urine
50
True/False: Lymph Nodes that are draining the GI tract, including the mouth, are commonly Reactive
True
\*Coming in Contact with a lot of Antigens
51
Two Primary Induced Enzymes
ALP
GGT
53
Airway Washing from a Dog with Eosinophil Granules, Degenerate Neutrophils, and Lymphocytes. What should you look around for?
Bacteria
\*Degenerate Neutrophils. If no Bacteria then Neutrophils are probably Just Aged and Falling apart
53
Initially Chylous Effusion, is characterized by small ______ and Broken Cells
Lymphocytes
\*Lipid causes the Cells to Break
53
Enzyme that is Present in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle as well as Hepatocytes
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
\*Not Organ Specific
57
Patient has Abodminal Effusion. Patient had Acute Blood loss due to Exploratory Abdominal Surgery leading to Decreased PCV and Total Protein. Severe Neutropenia with Inflammatory Leukogram. What is the DIagnosis?
Bacterial Peritonitis
\*Bone Marrow is not keeping up with Inflammatory Demands. Think
Peritonitis/ Septicemia due to Severe demand for Neutrophils
58
Test Used to Differentiate Hemoglobin from Myoglobin
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation Test
\*If positive on Dipstick then its Myoglobin
59
What species Does not have a Corticosteroid Induced Isoenzyme of ALP?
Cats
\*Steroids do not cause increased ALP in Cats
60
Cell Types present in Lymph Nodes when they are Inflammed in Lymphadenitis
Neutrophils or Macrophages
62
Lymphoproliferative Disorder characterized by Lymphocytosis and Increased number of Small Lymphocytes in Bone Marrow
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
\*Possible Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
63
True/False: Leakage enzymes are neither specific for the cause of liver disease nor predictive of the outcome
True
\*Can see significant change in Leakage enzymes with only mild Hepatocellular damage or very little Increase in Enzymes with Severe Hepatocellular damage
64
Cat with Thoracic Effusion and a History of Lethargy and Dyspnea. Inflammatory and Stress Leukogram. Toxic Neutrophils with Dohle Bodies and Increased Basophilia. Fluid Aspirated from Thoracic cavity is Brown and Opaque. Is this and Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
\*Toxic Neutrophils with Dohle Bodies
65
\_\_\_\_\_ Lesions are Common Bones Lesions of Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Lytic
\*Lytic Lesions- Best Place to do Bone Marrow aspirate to find Lots of Plasma Cells
65
What Fluid does this Describe:
1. Clear
2. Total Protein Less than 3 g/dl
3. Nucleated Cell Count Less than 6,000/ul
4. No clot Formation
Transudate
65
Enzyme that comes from both Liver and Muscle. Should be Measured with CK to Determine if Coming from Muscle
AST
66
Two Tumors that Cause Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Some Lymphomas
Peri-anal Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinomas
\*Increased Parathyroid Hormone
68
What causes Modified Transudates to Form?
Problems with Blood Flow
\*Ex. Heart Failure, Tumor
69
Tumor Fine Needle Aspirate that does not stain well with Diff-Quik and is Normally Surrounded by Many Eosinophils
Mast Cell Tumor
\*Eosinophilic Chemoattractant
71
True/False: Primary Polycythemia leads to Sludging of Blood leading to Neurological abnormalities
True
\*High Red Blood cell Mass Thickens Blood leading to Decreased Blood to the Brain
71
Cat presents with a Proliferative and Erosive Lesion on its Nose. On Cytology you see Large Clumped Epithelial Cells and Keratinocytosis. What is the Diagnosis?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
73
Cells that Exfoliate from Tumors and can be Found in Body Cavity Fluids
Lymphoma
Carcinoma (Epithelial Tumor)
\*Sarcomas do not shed cells into Fluid Effusions
74
Thoracic Effusion in a Cat with Serum Globulin of 6 g/dl and Polyclonal Gammopathy. Fluid is Almost all Small Lymphocytes. What is the Diagnosis?
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
\*Low Cell Count and High Protein Content
77
Large amount of Lymphoblasts in Body Fluid Effusions is Diagnostic for what?
Lymphoma
78
Cat with Thoracic Effusion Characterized as Opaque and Creamy. What is your Diagnosis?
Chylous Effusion
\*Total Protein is Falsely Increased- Opaque. Chylomicrons in the Fluid
80
Differential Diagnosis in Dogs with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic Ehrlichiosis
\*Often Lymphocyte count is not greater than 10,000/ul. This is how you differentiate Chronic Ehrlichiosis and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
80
Adult Dog with Difficult Urination and Defecation. Abdominal Effusion.
Is this an Exudate or Transudate?
Exudate
81
Lymphoproliferative Disorder where Cats are Normally Fe-LV positive
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
\*Cats are normally Fe-LV negative with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
84
CD8+ Phenotypic Classification
T-Cell
85
Abdominal Fluid from a Horse with a Rupture in the GI tract. Very Degenerative Neutrophils in the Fluid. What is causing the Neutrophil Degeneration?
Bacteria
86
3 Year Old Collie with Lethargy, Bruises on the Abdomen and Ascites. Brown Abdominal Fluid. Microscopically Bile can be seen within the Abdominal Fluid. Macrophages are Phagocytizing Bile Pigment. Diagnosis?
Ruptured Bile Duct
\*Most likely Hit by a Car
87
Specific B cell Neoplastic Lymphoproliferative Disorder that Differentiate into Plasma Cells which typically arises from One Cell that Clonally Expands
Multiple Myeloma
\*Usually by Diagnosis it has metastasized to Multiple Bones
88
Round Cell Tumor common in Dogs of St. Kitts that are Transmitted Between Dogs that are Characterized by Distinct Vacoules within the Cytoplasm and Prominent Nucleoli
Transmissable Venereal Tumors (TVT)
89
Round Cell tumor derived from Monocytes that is a common Benign Tumor of Young dogs that Will Regress Spontaneously
Histiocytomas
90
CD21+ Phenotypic Classification
B-Cell
94
Three Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Multiple Myeloma
96
Abdominal Fluid form a Horse with a Mixture of Neutrophils and Macrophage. What Type of Inflammation is this?
Mixed Inflammation
98
Lymphoproliferative disorder that can lead to Hypercalcemia due to Bone Lysis and Mineralization of Kidneys
Multiple Myeloma
99
To Diagnose Liver Failure, \_\_\_% of the Liver Function must be Lost
70-80
101
What does the Increased BUN, Creatinine and Phosphorus tell us about this Patient?
Decreased Kidney Glomerular Filtration
\*Azotemic Animal- Increases in Nitrogenous Wastes
102
If we see an Increase in Blood Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), What Organ is the Enzyme Most likely Coming From?
Liver
\*The Half Life from the Intestine, Placenta, and Kidney is too Short
104
Lymphoproliferative Disorder leading to Fundoscopic changes including Retinal Hemorrhages and Engorged Rentinal Blood due to Hyperviscosity
Multiple Myeloma
106
Viscous and Yellow Effusion characterized by a Very High Protein due to High Globulin Levels in the Blood with a Relatively Low Cell Count. What is the Diagnosis?
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
\*High Protein and Low cell Count in Cat- Think FIP
107
Dog with Abdominal Effusion. Direct Smear shows High number of Degenerate Neutrophils and Large Number of Cocci in Chains. What is the Diagnosis?
Bacterial Peritonitis
(Septic Suppurative Inflammation)
\*Ruptured Pyometra
109
True/False: Uroabdomen leads to a Higher concentration of Creatinine in the Abdominal Fluid than in the Blood
True
\*Urine Within the Abdominal Cavity
112
Epithelial cells within Body Cavity Effusions is diagnostic of \_\_\_\_\_
Carcinoma
(Neoplasm of Epithelial cells)
\*Not normal to See Epithelial cells in Body Cavity Fluids
113
8 Year old German Shepherd with Acute Weakness, Enlarged Abdomen, Pale Mucous Membranes and Dyspnea. Ancanthocytes are Present Microscopically. Macrophages are Digesting Red Blood Cells. What is the Diagnosis?
Hemangiosarcoma
\*Acanthocytes. Dog had Ruptured Hemangiosarcoma on Spleen and Liver
\*Abdominal Fluid Analysis- Classical Hemoabdomen
114
If Lymphocyte Concentration is above \_\_\_\_\_/ul then it is a Leukemia
35,000
115
Abdominal Fluid from a Dog with Very Large Cells of Epithelial origin with Prominant Nuclei surrounded by Neutrophils during Inflammation. What is the Diagnosis?
Carcinoma
116
Enzyme that Increases Rapidly after Muscle Injury that Peaks after about 6 Hours with a Half Life of about 2-4 Hours
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Goes up Quickly and Comes back Down Quickly
118
Inflammation that is All Lymphocytes or All Macrophages in Fluid
Mononuclear Inflammation
119
True/False: If an Animal has been deprived of Food for several Days they will commonly get increases in Bilirubin Levels
True
120
Lymphadenitis characterized by increased Neutrophils
Suppurative Lymphadenitis
\*Greater than 1-2 Neutrophils on Lymph Node aspirate and think- Suppurative
122
Term used for Animals that have an Increased Packed Cell Volume
Polycythemia
\*Increased Red Cell concentration
125
Bi-Nucleated Cell where One Nucleus is Conforming to the shape of the Other Nucleus
Nuclear Molding
\*Sign of Malignancy
127
Cat with Thoracic Effusion and a History of Lethargy and Dyspnea. Inflammatory and Stress Leukogram. Toxic Neutrophils with Dohle Bodies and Increased Basophilia. Fluid Aspirated from Thoracic cavity is Brown and Opaque. Neutrophils with Phagocytized material are found in the Fluid.
The Bacteria was Gram Positive and Filamentous. What is the Diagnosis?
Bacterial Pyothorax due to Actinomyces
\*Commonly due to Penetrating Foreign Body
129
Packed Cell Volume Way above the Reference Interval. Albumin is Increased in this Patient. What is Going on in the Dog?
Dehydration
\*No Reticulocytes- Not making More Red Blood Cells. Increased Total Protein. We Look at this and think Dehydration- Only Explanation for increased Albumin
130
Prominant Nucleoli within the Nucleus and Bi-nucleated Cells (Nuclear Molding) are characteristic of \_\_\_\_\_
Neoplasia
132
Increased PCV and Reticulocytes. Arterial Oxygen is Decreased and Erythropoietin is Increased. What Type of Polycythemia?
Appropriate Absolute Polycythemia
\*Hypoxia leading to Increased Erythropoietin. Something Probably wrong with Either Heart or Lungs of Patient
133
True/False: Do not Expect to see Sarcoma Cells exfoliate into body cavity Effusions, only Lymphomas and Carcinomas tend to Exfoliate
True
135
Glove Powder Cystals that can be Found in Aspirates
Talc Crystals
\*Most common Artifact on Slides
136
Key Characteristic of Malignancy
Variability
138
Primary Complaint was Nose Bleeds. Presents with Non-Regenerative Anemia and an Increased Total Protein. Inflammatory and Stress Leukogram. Thrombocytopenia is Present. What is the Diagnosis?
Multiple Myeloma
\*Nose Bleeds and Thrombocytopenia
139
Released from Dead/Dying Muscle that does not turn Serum Pink but will Turn Urine Red
Myoglobin
\*Hemoglobin will turn Serum Pink
140
Lymphadenitis common in Horses with Strangles and Cats with Plague
Suppurative Lymphadenitis
142
Polycythemia due to True Red Cell Mass Increase in the Blood
Absolute Polycythemia
143
Neoplastic Proliferation of Lymphocytes mostly Confined to Tissues, mainly Lymph Nodes
Lymphoma
\*All Lymphomas are Malignant- Enlarged Lymph Nodes
145
Clinical signs of Which Lymphoproliferative Disorder includes Lethargy, Lameness due to Bone Pain, and Nose Bleeds
Multiple Myeloma
\*Owners Intial Complaint is commonly Nose Bleeds
146
Induced Liver Enzymes and Bilirubin Increaed on Biochemical Profile
Cholestasis
147
Increased Erythropoietin Levels in Serum of a Patient that is not Hypoxic is _____ Absolute Polycythemia
Inappropriate
149
Cat with Thoracic Effusion and a History of Lethargy and Dyspnea. Inflammatory and Stress Leukogram. Toxic Neutrophils with Dohle Bodies and Increased Basophilia. Fluid Aspirated from Thoracic cavity is Brown and Opaque. Neutrophils with Phagocytized material are found in the Fluid. What type of Inflammation is this?
Suppurative Inflammation / Pyothorax
\*Septic
150
Malignant Round Cell Tumor common in Large Breed Dogs that are Derived from Monocytes with Many Multinucleated Cells
Malignant Histiocytosis
\*Look Like Macrophages with Malignancy
152
Dog Presents to Clinic Very Puritic. The Dog has been Treated with Steroids. The patient has Mass Thickened Lesions associated with Ulcerated Skin Lesions. Aspiration of the Masses Shows many Lymphoblasts. What is the Diagnosis?
Lymphoma
\*Cutaneous Form
154
Multiple Myeloma tend to have Greater than \_\_\_\_\_% Plasma Cells in Bone Marrow, usually in Aggregates
20
\*Normally 1-2% of Bone Marrow is Plasma Cells
155
With Round Cell Tumors that can Cause a Body Cavity Effusion you will Likely see _____ within the Effusion
Lymphoblasts
156
Adult Dog with Difficult Urination and Defecation. Abdominal Effusion. Microscopy of Abdominal Fluid shows Neutrophils and Many Large Individual Cells that were Adhered to Eachother with Prominant Nucleoli.
What is the Diagnosis?
Carcinoma
\*Hallmark of Carcinoma- Cells are Adhereing
\*You can Differentiate From Mesothelial Cells because there are Numerous Carcinoma Cells. If they were Mesothelial there would only be a few in the Effusion
158
Bacteria that is Present in Abcesses that appear on Cytology as Long Clear Areas because they do not Stain with Diff-Quik
Mycobacterium
159
2 Year Old cat with Anorexia, Weight loss, and Dyspnea. The Patient has a Thoracic Effusion. On Microscopy you exam Discrete Round Cells with a lot of Nucleus and Little Cytoplasm. What Kind of Cells are These?
Lymphoblasts
160
True/False: You commonly see Sarcoma Cells in Effusions
False
\*Never see Sarcoma cells in Effusions
161
Leukemia where Patients do not Live very Long and there are Circulating "Blasts" in the Peripheral Blood
Acute Leukemia
\*Survival Time is Short with Immature Blast Neoplastic Cells
162
Calcium Carbonate Crystals are Diagnostic of \_\_\_\_\_
Uroabdomen
\*Crystal that is Normally Found in Horse Urine
163
Fluid formed due to Hypoalbuminemia
Pure Transudate
\*Lack Oncotic Pressure
164
Reactive/Hyperplastic Lymphadenopathy occurs due to Antigenic Stimulation leading to an Increased number of ____ cells within the Lymph Node
Plasma Cells
166
True/False: Multiple Myelomas are usually Functional and Producing Immunoglobulin leading to High Globulins
True
\*Plasma Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder- Leads to High Globulin
167
Patient has Abodminal Effusion. Patient had Acute Blood loss due to Exploratory Abdominal Surgery leading to Decreased PCV and Total Protein. Severe Neutropenia with Inflammatory Leukogram. What is the Diagnosis?
Bacterial Peritonitis/ Septicemia
\*Degenerate Neutrophils and Bacteria. Dog had Eaten Toothpick that Perforated the Intestine
\*Total Protein is lower than what you Expect for Exudate, but must be Exudate because there are 93,000 cells
168
What Substance in the Urine is diagnostic for Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis?
Calcium Oxalate Crystals
\*Anti-Freeze Ingestion
