Thought and Language Terms Flashcards
when you bring in information, represent it with symbols, and your manipulate it
Information Processing System
manipulation of mental representations (things in your head)
Thinking
the time between the presentation of a stimulus and your reaction to the stimulus
Reaction time
categories of objects that have common properties
Concepts
member of a natural concept that has most of the characteristics of that concept
Prototype
mental representation that expresses a relationship between concepts
Proposition
generalizations about categories (when you have a general idea about something)
Schema
mental representation of familiar activities
Scripts
sets of propositions that represent our understanding of how things look and work
Mental Models
visual information
Images
mental representations of familiar environments
Cognitive Map
how we generate and evaluate arguments
Reasoning
rigorous procedures for reasoning
Formal reasoning
systematic procedure that cannot fail to produce a solution to a problem
Algorithms
system of formulas for drawing valid conclusions
Logic
when we base reasoning on evidence
Informal Reasoning
a shortcut to anything
Heuristics
when we add new information to existing information
Anchoring Bias/ Anchoring Heuristics
judging whether or not something belongs to a group based on its similarities to members of the group
Representativeness Heuristics
based on something that readily comes to mind
Availability Heuristics
the tendency to use old patterns to solve problems
Mental Set
thinking about familiar objects in familiar ways
Functional Fixedness
influencing your decision by altering the words that you use
Framing Effect
when we pay attention to the information that supports us
Confirmation Bias
when we are trying to get computers to be human
Artificial Intelligence
producing original thought
Creativity
the ability to produce different solutions
Divergent Thinking
narrowing down possible solutions
Convergent Thinking
any subject measure of value
Utility
total benefit of decisions (what you hope to get out of something)
Expected Value
symbols we use to communicate
Language
the rules for combining symbols
Grammar
the smallest unit of language that has meaning
Morpheme
the smallest unit of sound that effects the meaning of speech
Phoneme
when we form phrases and sentences
Syntax
the rules governing the meaning of words
Semantics
the literal meaning of words in a sentence
Surface Structures
the abstract representation or the underlying meaning (ex:metaphors)
Deep Structure
the early sounds such as babbling
Infant Vocalizations
repetition of syllables
Babbling
when you use one word at a time
One Word Stage
when we put two words together
Two word stage
when we put three words together (subjects, verb, and object)
Three word stage
when we misapply the rules of grammar
Overregulation
the combination of hearing and vision that helps us understand speech
McGurk Effect
