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PSYC112 > Thought and Language > Flashcards

Thought and Language Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hierarchical nature of language?

A

phonemes, morphemes, semantics, syntax

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2
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

a single unit of sound that can change meaning, small units that make up words and represent sounds

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3
Q

how many phonemes does the English language have?

A

upwards of 40 (and not all languages have the same phonemes)

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4
Q

what is phonology?

A

phonemes combined together in larger units to create a set of phonological rules

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5
Q

what is a morpheme?

A

the smallest language units that carry meaning (eg. words, suffixes and prefixes)

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6
Q

what is morphology?

A

rules that determine how morphemes can be combined to make words

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7
Q

what is syntax?

A

the grammatical set of word and phrase combinations in sentences (rules)

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8
Q

what are semantics?

A

the meaning of a word, representing specific objects, events, ideas, feelings and actions

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9
Q

what does semantic processing rely on?

A

content words

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10
Q

what are content words?

A

words that carry meaning but doesn’t have any direct relation to the concept it stands for (eg. dog)

map onto concepts

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11
Q

what is a concept?

A

a unit of semantic memory

concepts then form categories

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12
Q

what are function words?

A

words that specify the meaning relationships between other words and play a functional role in understanding tense and possession (eg. he, she, it, and, or)

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13
Q

what does syntactic processing rely on?

A

function words

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14
Q

what is a thematic role?

A

the way in which words are combined into phrases and sentences, and their meanings combine in a rule-governed way

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15
Q

what are an example of content words?

A

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

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16
Q

what are an example of function words?

A

pronouns, prepositions, conjunctives

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17
Q

what are pragmatics?

A

the study of how language meaning is influenced by social context

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18
Q

what is a sentence made up of?

A

phrases that are combined together

19
Q

How does Broca’s Aphasia impact of language & speaking ability

A

results on the overuse of content words and inability to form sentences combining phonemes and morphemes

difficulty in understanding language that is being spoken to them

20
Q

Where is Broca’s Area located?

A

near areas that control speech muscles

21
Q

Which areas of the brain play a large role in the production and comprehension of language

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s Area

22
Q

What does syntax refer to?

A

the structure of language - who is doing what, where and when

23
Q

How are the rules for ordering words learned?

A

learned implicitly and can differ depending on the language

24
Q

How does word order cue syntax?

A

it determines who is doing what to whom (eg. subject - verb - object, Jane ate the apple)

25
Q

How does word class cue syntax?

A

word class refers to adjectives, nouns or verbs whereby the word order helps us to identify the word class and thus understand what a sentence is about

26
Q

How does Wernicke’s Aphasia impact on language & speaking ability

A

inability to produce and/or understand language

issues with phonological sequences, overuse of function words but struggle with content words

27
Q

Where is Wernicke’s Area located in the brain?

A

in the left temporal lobe, next to primary auditory cortex which translates sounds into meaning

28
Q

What is a proposition?

A

a statement that expresses an idea

29
Q

What are propositions represented through?

A

Semantics (meaning)

30
Q

What is Surface Structure?

A

organisation of words at a surface level

31
Q

What is Deep Structure?

A

the meaning of sentences

32
Q

What can a change in the order of words result in?

A

changes the way in which the sentence is interpreted

33
Q

What does one deep structure but two surface structures entail?

A

two sentences with different word order, but both have the same underlying meaning

34
Q

What can a single surface structure entail?

A

can result in two very different deep structures, whereby the words are organised the same but the meaning of the sentence is ambiguous

35
Q

What kind of speech can newborns perceive?

A

they are able to perceive many basic phoneme contrasts (hearing the differences between sounds)

36
Q

What kind of predispositions do newborns come into the world with?

A

a preference for a human voice over a fake voice - as they get older a preference for human sounds over animal sounds

37
Q

What does a HAS show?

A

High Amplitude Sucking - enables detection of phonemic change through the sucking of a dummy

Used as a technique to analyse whether babies can detect different sounds and whether they are interested in different sounds

38
Q

What is categorical speech perception?

A

whereby the perception of consonant sounds becomes categorical (ba vs pa)

39
Q

At what age do babies learn Categorical Speech Perception?

A

around the age of 9 months

40
Q

What is a VOT?

A

the time interval between release of consonant and the onset of voicing (for ba and pa there is a 25msec difference in VOT)

41
Q

What is perception of sound categories defined by?

A

dependant on the language that you are raised in

42
Q

At what age to children fine tune their perception of language to the environment they are growing up in?

A

around 9 months old

43
Q

How is detection of phonemic change modified?

A

through experience

44
Q

How does older infant speech perception differ to younger infant speech perception

A

older infants are less likely to discriminate sounds and language that they aren’t used to hearing compared to younger infants

PSYC112 (1 decks)

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