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PSYC112 > Thought and Language > Flashcards

Thought and Language Flashcards

1
Q

single unit of sound that change meaning

A

Phonemes

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2
Q

the smallest units that carry meaning, only realized when attached to the word. Honest - dishonest

A

Bound Morphemes

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3
Q

convey meaning and concepts. Includes categories

A

Content Words

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4
Q

words that carry grammatical information

A

Function words

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5
Q

processing relies on processing content words - nouns, verbs, adjectives

A

Semantic processing

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6
Q

processing relies on processing function words - pronouns, propositions

A

Syntactic processing

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7
Q

refers to the structure of language - phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

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8
Q

organisation of words at a surface level - words in two sentences that are organised differently but the underlying meaning is the same

A

Surface structure

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9
Q

words organised the same but meaning of sentence is ambiguous - remember ‘I saw a Zebra flying over Africa’

A

Deep structure

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10
Q

used to detect whether infants can notice changes in sound - infant will suck if it has become interested following the new sound

A

HAS

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11
Q

when the perception of sound becomes categorical

A

Categorical speech perception

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12
Q

relying on social cues and interaction for the development of their speech

A

Cooing

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13
Q

same syllable over and over

A

Reduplicated babbling

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14
Q

syllables with different consonants and vowels

A

Variegated bubbling

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15
Q

word comprehension precedes productive vocabulary by an average of 4 months

A

Comprehension v production

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16
Q

“dog” only for family dog and not other dogs

A

Under extension

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17
Q

“dog” to refer to dogs and cats

A

Over extension

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18
Q

words which have an actual meaning but is no accepted as a word

A

Protowords

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19
Q

a single word that stands for an entire statement

A

Holophrases

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20
Q

children are biologically predisposed to learn language

A

Nativist views of language

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21
Q

children are innately predisposed to acquire the syntax of language

A

Language bioprogram hypothesis

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22
Q

invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages

A

Pidgin language

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23
Q

when the pidgin is acquired as a native language

A

Creoles

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24
Q

ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language - harder afterwards

A

Sensitive period

25
Q

children have highly developed pattern recognitions

A

General learning capacities

26
Q

if babies see patterns before then they internalise this pattern, making them less likely to respond in the future. Children more interested in novel words

A

Statistical learning

27
Q

is it possible that children can use the language they hear to learn that language?

A

Social learning

28
Q

how you think of yourself

A

Self-construal

29
Q

personal goals take priority over group goals, internal attributes more salient

A

Independent cultures

30
Q

group goals take more priority, social role more salient

A

Interdependent cultures

31
Q

adapt talk to children’s level

A

Child-centered talk

32
Q

child learns to adapt to situation

A

Situation-centered talk

33
Q

knowledge of the world which forms the content of our thoughts

A

Representation

34
Q

mental images

A

Analogical representations

35
Q

a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain, rather than from external sensory input

A

Mental imagery

36
Q

represent any kind of content, but don’t resemble what is is they stand for

A

Symbols

37
Q

made up of concepts, statements that express ideas. Made up of a subject and what’s being asserted about that subject

A

Propositions

38
Q

intelligent thought, making decisions, problem solving

A

Reasoning

39
Q

start with belief, what are the implications of those beliefs. General principles or rules to specific instances. Validity of conclusion follows from the premises

A

Deductive reasoning

40
Q

testing hypothesis, start with specifics and infer general principles

A

Inductive reasoning

41
Q

tendency to rely on prior beliefs rather than to fully obey logical principles

A

Belief bias

42
Q

tendency to recall or interpret information in a way that confirms our prior beliefs or values

A

Confirmation bias

43
Q

making judgements, drawing conclusions from experience, shortcuts that are correct much of the time

A

Heuristics

44
Q

probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve information, used to judge the frequency of something happening

A

Availability heuristic

45
Q

saliency bias, Trump’s use of violent imagery often associated with immigrants

A

Availability explanation

46
Q

overcoming an obstacle to reach a goal

A

Problem solving

47
Q

Trial and error, algorithm, heuristics

A

Strategies for problem solving/decision making

48
Q

work step-by-step to get closer to your goal

A

Means-end analysis

49
Q

change the state of the problem so that you are one step closer to solving the problem; sometimes getting further away from the solution helps solve the problem

A

Hill climb

50
Q

night-dots problem, matchstick problem. Changing the representation of the problem, thinking outside the box

A

Divergent thinking

51
Q

the right hemisphere does a better job of bringing together these things which are more remote

A

Remote associate tasks

52
Q

Habits and assumptions you bring to solving a problem

A

Mental set

53
Q

How can mental set hinder problem solving?

A

people get stuck in their way of thinking when there is a much easier was of reaching the solution

54
Q

How do we overcome obstacles

A

take a break, practice divergent thinking

55
Q

Language is independent of cognition

A

Position 1

56
Q

Language influences cognition

A

position 2

57
Q

Having a specific langauge determines of influences how we think

A

The Whorfian Hypothesis

58
Q

Colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style

A

Evidence for a weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis

59
Q

In Russian the two spectrums of blue have different names that must be used, just as pink and red must be discriminated in English

A

Russian Blues experiment, evidence for the Whorfian hypothesis

PSYC112 (1 decks)

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