Thorax, Pleura, Lungs

Question 1

Superior aperture boundaries

Answer 1

Post: T1
Ant: Sup manubrium
Lat: R1

Question 2

Inferior aperture boundaries

Answer 2

Post: T12
Anterolateral: Costal cartilages of R7-10 (form costal margins)
Ant: Xiphisternal jt

Question 3

what muscles contract when breathing in? What muscles contract when breathing out?

Answer 3

The external intercostal muscles contract when breathing in. When breathing out, they relax. The internal intercostal muscles contract with FORCED expiration.

Question 4

which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 4

R1-7

Question 5

Which ribs are false ribs (vertebrochondaral)?

Answer 5

R8, R9, and usually R10, plus the floating ribs

Question 6

Which ribs are floating ribs (vertebral)?

Answer 6

R11-12, and sometimes R10

Question 7

Which ribs are atypical, and why?

Answer 7

R1- Only one facet on head to articulate with T1
R2- Tubercle on shaft for serratus anterior
R10-12- single articular facet
R11-12- no tubercles

Question 8

Where is the weakest part of the rib?

Answer 8

Just anterior to the angle of the rib

Question 9

How are intercostal spaces numbered? For example, space between ribs 4 and 5 is which intercostal space?

Answer 9

Named after the superior rib. 4th intercostal space.

Question 10

external intercostal mm begin and end where?
What about internal intercostal mm?
How are each of their fibers oriented?

Answer 10

Externals go from rib tubercle to the costochondral junction. Fibers have “hands in pocket” orientation.
Internal mm go from sternum to angle of rib, in opposite orientation.

Question 11

Where are the NV bundles in the intercostal space?

Answer 11

Between the internal and innermost intercostal mm.

Question 12

Where are subcostal muscles most developed?

Answer 12

Lower part of thorax.

Question 13

Attachments and action of transversus thoracis?

Answer 13

Xiphoid process/body of sternum to the costal cartilages of ribs 2-6. Weak assistance in exertional expiration.

Question 14

What muscle pins the internal thoracic a/v to the thoracic wall?

Answer 14

Transversus thoracis.

Question 15

intercostal aa can branch off of what structures?

Answer 15

Either the aorta or internal thoracic aa.

Question 16

Intercostal nerves are a branch/continuation of what nerves?

Answer 16

Ventral rami.

Question 17

What are/what do the retinaculum cutis do? What are they called over the breast?

Answer 17

Skin ligaments that attach superficial fascia to the dermis, and then to deep fascia.
Over the breast, they are called Cooper’s suspensory ligaments.

Question 18

What does deep fascia attach to? What does it form?

What other function does it serve?

Answer 18

Loosely attached to hypodermis, and forms epimysium of muscle it invests.
Serves as an infection barrier.

Question 19

endothoracic fascia attaches to what, deeply?

Answer 19

To the parietal pleura.

Question 20

Pleura lines of reflection for midclavicular, midaxillary, sternal, and paravertebral lines start at what rib?

Answer 20

S- 6
MC- 8
MA- 10
PV- 12

Question 21

The midclavicular line marks the start of what recess?

Answer 21

The costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 22

Definition of hydrothorax?

Answer 22

Pleural effusion due to serous fluid

Question 23

Chylothorax due to what substance?

Answer 23

chyle

Question 24

Pyothorax due to what substance?

Answer 24

Pus.

Question 25

What is pleurisy?

Answer 25

Parietal and visceral layers of pleura stick together.

Question 26

Pain from pleura comes from what layer? (check if always true)

Answer 26

Parietal layer.

Question 27

What is the line called that separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung?

Answer 27

The oblique fissure.

Question 28

What are the lines called that separate the three lobes of the right lung?

Answer 28

Superior and middle lobes separated by the horizontal fissure. Middle and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure.

Question 29

Pulmonary artery in right lung is where compared to bronchus? what about in the left lung?

Answer 29

In the right lung, the pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus.
In the left lung, it is superior to the bronchus.

Question 30

Which pulmonary artery attaches to the aorta? How? What was that structure embryologically?

Answer 30

The left pulmonary artery attaches to the aorta via the ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of ductus arteriosus.

Question 31

Bronchial veins drain into what structures, on what side?

Answer 31

drain into azygos vein on right and hemiazygos vein on left.

Question 32

What is the cisterna chyli?

Answer 32

Place where thoracic duct begins.

Question 33

Explain lymph travel from the lungs

Answer 33

1. Intrapulmonary vessels and nodes
2. Hilar (bronchopulmonary) nodes
3. Carinal (tracheobronchial) nodes
4. paratracheal nodes
5. Bronchomediastinal trunk
6. right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct