Thorax, Heart, Lungs etc (COPIED) Flashcards
What is the origin of pectoralis major?
- Medial third of clavicle.
- Sternum.
- Costal cartilages.
What are the 4 vertical lines of the chest wall called?
- Mid-clavicular.
- Anterior axillary line.
- Mid axillary line.
- Posterior axillary line.
Insertion of Pec Major
Humerus
Action of Pec Major
Adduction and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder.
What is the insertion of pectoralis minor?
The coracoid process of the scapula.
What is the action of pectoralis minor?
Protraction of the shoulder.
What is the insertion of serratus anterior?
Costal surface of the scapula.
What is the action of serratus anterior?
Protraction of the scapula.
What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?
The intercostal nerves.
What is the function of the lungs?
Oxygenates blood by bringing inspired air into contact with O2 poor blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
What is the Pleural Cavity?
A Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura. It is continuous at the Hilum of the lung
Name 2 functions of the serous fluid within the pleural cavity?
- Lubricates the pleurae.
- Creates a surface tension helping the lungs to expand on inspiration.
Name the 4 main structures that are found at the hilum of the lung.
- Pulmonary artery x1.
- Bronchus x1.
- Pulmonary vein x2.
What branch does the right main bronchus give off outside of the right lung?
Superior and inferior lobar bronchi.
Which lung are inhaled foreign bodies most likely to be found in and why?
The right lung. The right main bronchus is shorter and more vertical.
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?
3 lobes.
Superior, middle and inferior.
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?
2 lobes.
Superior and Inferior.
What is the fissure in the left lung called?
Oblique (lies along 6th rib).
What are the fissures in the right lung called?
Horizontal (extends from mid-axiallry line anteriorly along the 4th rib) and Oblique (lies along 6th rib).
Name the 3 surfaces of the lungs.
- Costal.
- Mediastinal.
- Diaphragmatic.
What is the action of parasympathetic innervation in the lung?
Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation of pulmonary vessels.
What is the action of sympathetic innervation in the lung?
Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction of vessels that are poorly ventilated.
What is the surface marking for the apex of the lung?
2 finger breadths (3cm) above the medial clavicle in the neck.
What are the surface markings for the lower border of the lung?
6th rib anteriorly (mid-clavicular line).
8th rib laterally (mid-axillary line).
10th rib posteriorly (vertebral column).
What are the 3 branches of the arch of the aorta?
- Brachiocephalic trunk.
- Left common carotid artery.
- Left subclavian artery.
What are the branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?
Right common carotid (LHS).
Right subclavian (RHS).
What is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of and what was its function in the foetus?
Remnant of the ductus arteriosum.
It’s function was to shunt blood between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in order to bypass the non-functioning lungs.
What spinal roots is the phrenic nerve derived?
C3, 4 and 5 (cervical plexus).
What does the phrenic nerve supply?
Motor innervation to the diaphragm.
Sensory innervation to the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium.
Does the phrenic nerve enter the diaphragm? If so where?
Yes. It pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm alongside the IVC on the right (T8).
Does the vagus nerve enter the diaphragm? If so where?
Yes. Through the oesophageal hiatus (T10).
What are the layers of the pericardium?
- Outer fibrous layer.
- Parietal serous layer.
- Visceral serous layer.
What structure forms the left border of the heart? Where are the surface markings for this region?
Left ventricle.
It extends from the left 2nd intercostal space to the 5th intercostal space in the left midclavicular line (the apex).
What is the surface marking for the apex of the heart?
5th intercostal space in the left mid-clavicular line.
On what aspect of the heart would you find the left atrium?
The posterior aspect. It is closely related to the oesophagus.
Where is the RCA found?
In the atrio-ventricular sulcus