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Anatomy Test 4 > Thorax, Heart and Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax, Heart and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles assist in inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

Mainly external intercostals–> expand ribs outwards

Assisted by SCM and scalenes

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2
Q

What law allows respiration?

A

Boyle’s law

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3
Q

What is FRC?

A

Amount of air left in lungs at end of passive exhalation

Opposing elastic recoil forces of lungs and chest at equilibrium

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4
Q

What does the thoracic wall consist of?

A

Skin, fascia, nerves, vessels, muscles, cartilages and bones

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5
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic wall?

A
  • Protects thoracic and abdominal organs
  • resists negative internal pressure generated by elastic recoil of lungs and inspiratory movmeent
  • Provides attachment for and supports weight of upper limb, neck, abdomen, and back, muscles of respiration
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6
Q

What composes the superior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Allows communication b/w the thoracic cavity and neck and uper limbs
  • Bounded
    • poteriorly by T1
    • Laterally by first pair of ribs and their costal cartialges
    • anteriorly by superior border of the manubrium
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7
Q

What composes the inferior thoracic aperture?

A
  • Allows communication between thoracic cavity and abdomen
  • Bounded
    • posteriorly by the T12 vertebrae
    • Posterolaterally by 11-12th pair of rib
    • Anterolaterally by joined costal cartilages of 7-10 ribs
    • Anteriorly by xiphisternal join
    • diaphragm closes this space almost completely, separting the two cavities
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8
Q

What composes the thoracic skeleton?

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral disc
  • Sternum
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9
Q

What composes the 12 ribs and costal cartilages?

A
  • True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 1-7th ribs
    • cartilage attached to sternum
  • False ribs (vertebrochondral ribs) 8-10th ribs
    • share cartilage
  • Floating (free) ribs 11 & 12th ribs
    • Protecting for kidney
  • Costal cartialges prolong ribs anteriorly and add elasticity
  • Intercostal space are names in relation to rib on superior border
    • subcostal space is immediately below 12th rib
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10
Q

What parts form the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
    • lies T3-T4
    • Clnical landmark
      • Jugular (suprasternal) notch
      • Sternal angle (of louis)
        • oppositie 2nd pair costal cartilages
        • level of T4-T5
  • Body
    • T5-T9
  • Xiphoid process
    • T10 level
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11
Q

A/I of external intercostals

A

Action

  • forced inspiration elevates ribs

Innervation

-Intercostal Nerve

“fibers go like hands in pockets”

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12
Q

A/I of internal intercostals?

A

Action

  • forced respiration, interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs

Innervation

-Intercostal nerve

“muscle fibers go like arms crossed”

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13
Q

A/I innermost intercostal?

A

Action

  • Forced inspiration; interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs

Innervation

-Intercostal nerve

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14
Q

A/I Transversus thoracic?

A

Action

  • weakly depresses ribs

Innervation

  • Intercostal nerve
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15
Q

A/I subcostal muscle?

A

Action

  • act in same manner as internal intercostal (forced respiration; interosseous part depresses ribs; interchondral part elevates ribs)

Innervation

-Intercostal nerve

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16
Q

How is the intercostal nuroevascular bundle arranged within muscle layers of the thorax?

A

“VAN” (superior –> inferior)

Vein

Artery

Nerve

NV bundle in between internal and innermost intercostals

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17
Q

Where do the external intercostals run?

A

Run from vertebral column, stops short of sternum (around costal catilages)

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18
Q

Where do internal intercostals run?

A

Run from sternum, stops short of vertebral column

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19
Q

Where do innermost intercostals run?

A

Found at the most lateral parts of intercostal spaces

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20
Q

Where does transversus thoracis muscles run?

A

anterior thoracic wall

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21
Q

Where do subcostal muscles run?

A

Posterior thoracic wall

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22
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A
  • Chief muscle of inspiration
  • Dome shaped with left and right domes
    • right dome is slightly higher than left due to presense of liver
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23
Q

What are the diaphragmatic apertures?

A
  • Caval opening
  • Esophageal hiatus
  • Aortic hiatus
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24
Q

What is the caval opening?

A
  • Located in central tendon
  • Allows IVC and terminal branches of phrenic nerve to pass into abdominal cavity
  • During inspiration, diaphragm contracts, causing this opening to widen which allows dilation of IVC and increased blood return to heart
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25
Q

What is esophageal hiatus?

A
  • Diaphragm acts as muscular sphincter for esophagus that constricts when diaphragm contracts
  • transmits vagus nerve to abominal cavity
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26
Q

What is the aortic hiatus?

A
  • Opening posterior to the diaphragm, therefore blood flow is not affected by respiration
  • Transmits
    • descending aorta,
    • azygos vein and
    • thoracic duct to abdominal cavity
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27
Q

What innervates thoracic wall?

A
  • Thoracic segment of spinal cord supplies 12 pairs thoracic nerve
    • anterior and posterior rami
    • anterior rami T1-T11 form intercostal nerves’ T12 subcostal nerves
    • posterior rami supply deep muscle and skin of back
  • Intercostal nerves 1 and 2 pass on internal surfaces of 1st and 2nd ribs, all other along the inferior margin of costal grooves
    • VAN-NAV
  • Intercostal nerves 7-11 continue to supply abdominal skin and muscle
  • Lateral and anterior cutaneous branches
  • rami communication with sympathetic trunk to reach blood vessels, sweat glands and smooth muscles
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28
Q

What are the dermatomes we need to know?

A

T4- nipple

T6- xyphoid

T8-last rib

T10- umbilicus

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29
Q

What is arterial supply to thoracic wall?

A
  • Thoracic aorta
    • intercostal and subcostal branches
  • Subclavian artery
    • supreme intercostal arteries
    • internal thoracic arteries
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30
Q

What composes the thoracic wall venous system?

A
  • Anterior intercostal veins –> internal thoracic veins –> brachiocephalic veins
  • Posterior intercostal veins–> azygos, hemizygos, accessory hemiazygos veins–> vena vava
    • hemiazygos and accessory hemi-azygos empty into azygos vein
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31
Q

What is venous pathway on right side thorax?

A

Azygos–> SVC

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32
Q

What is venous pathway on left side thorax?

A

Hemizaygos/accessory azygous–> azygous–> SVC

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33
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A
  • Where lymph of body is transmitted
  • Orginates from cisterna chyli
  • Beaded appearance due to valves
  • Empties into venous system near left internal jugular and left brachiocephalic vein or left subclavian vein region
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34
Q

What forms pleurae of lungs?

A
  • Visceral pleura
    • adherent to all surfaces of the lungs
  • Parietal pleura
    • lines the wall of the thoracic cavity, the mediatsinum and the diaphragm
  • Continuous with each other
    • pleural sac
      • pleural fluid, lubricates the pleural surfaces to allow layers to slide smoothly with respiration
    • Root of lung enclosed within the area of continuity
  • Lungs to not completely occupy the pleural cavities
    • costodiaphragmatic and costomediatsinal recessess
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35
Q

What comprises the lungs?

Surfaces?

Borders?

A
  • Organ of respiration
  • Fissures- lobes
  • Apex
    • above level of first rib into root of neck
  • Three surfaces
    • costal surface
    • mediastinal surgace
    • diaphragmatic surface
  • Three borders
    • anterior border
    • inferior border
    • posterior border
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36
Q

Features of right side of lung?

A
  • Horizontal and oblique fissues
    • 3 lobes
    • superior, middle and inferior lobe
  • Larger and heavier, but shorter and wider than left lung, due to right dome of diaphragm being higher
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37
Q

What is the arrangement of root of right lung?

A
  • Hilum- joins lung to heart and trachea
  • pulmonary artery (deoxygenated) anterior, superior
  • 2 pulmonary veins (oxygenated)- inferior
  • Bronchus/bronchi- superior posterior
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38
Q

Characteristics of left lung?

A
  • Oblique fissure
    • 2 lobes
    • superior and inferior
  • Cardiac notch and cardiac impression
  • lingula
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39
Q

What is organization of root of left lung?

A
  • Hilum - joins lung to heart and trachea
  • Pulmonary artery (deoxygenated)= most superior
  • 2 pulmonary veins- anterior inferior
  • Bronchus/bronchi- posterior
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40
Q

Where is the carina?

A

T4

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41
Q

Organization of mainstem bronchi?

A
  • Right mainstem is 2.5 cm long with angle 25 degree and wider than left
  • Left mainstem is 5 cm long with angle of 45 degrees
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42
Q

Organization of bronchial tree?

A
  • Carina
  • mainstem bronchi
  • lobar bronchi (secondary)
    • Right has 3
    • Left has 2
  • segmental bronchi (tertiary)
    • 20-25 generation of branches that end in terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles (beginning of gas exchange)
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs (basic unit of gas exchange)
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43
Q

What composes the pulmonary trunk?

A
  • Pulmonary artery (1 to each lung)
    • Deoxygenated blood
    • Enters hilum
    • Lobar and segmental arteries
  • •Pulmonary veins (2 to each lung)
    • Oxygenated blood
    • Empty into left atrium
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44
Q

What provides the vasculature of the lungs?

A
  • Bronchial arteries
    • Blood to structures comprising the roots of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
    • Branch of the aorta; run posterior to main bronchi
    • Blood to main bronchi to respiratory bronchioles
  • Bronchial veins
    • Drain only part of the blood supplied by bronchial arteries
    • Right drains into the azygos vein and left into accessory hemi-azygos vein
  • Remainder of blood is drained by pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood) into left atrium
    • Physiologic shunt
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45
Q

What is the pulmonary plexus?

A
  • Pulmonary plexus
    • Anterior and posterior to roots of the lung
    • Parasympathetic fibers
      • Vagus (CN X)
    • Sympathetic fibers
      • Sympathetic trunks
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46
Q

What is the SNS/PSNS innervation of tracheobronchial tree?

A
  • Parasympathetic- CN X (main body of vagus provides innervation carina to alveoli. above carina is recurrent laryngeal nerve)
    • Motor to smooth muscle- bronchoconstrictor
    • Inhibitory to pulmonary vessels- vasodilator
    • Secretory to glands bronchial tree- secretomotor
  • Sympathetic- paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
    • Inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscle- bronchodilator
    • Motor to pulmonary vessels- vasoconstrictor
    • Inhibitory to alveolar glands of bronchial tree
47
Q

What composes the mediastinum?

A
  • Occupied by the viscera between the pulmonary cavities
  • Contains all of the thoracic viscera, except the lungs
  • Superior mediastinum
  • Inferior mediastinum
    • Anterior mediastinum
      • Lymph nodes, fat and connective tissue
    • Middle mediastinum
    • Posterior mediastinum
48
Q

What is located in superior mediatsinum?

A

Runs from angle of lewis, up in chest cavity

  • Thymus
  • Great vessels (brachiocephalic, sup part SVC, pulmonary trunk, roots PA, arch of aorta with branches)
  • Ligamentum arteriosum
  • Vagus nerves
    • Relation to ligamentum arteriosum
  • Phrenic nerves
  • Cardiac plexus of nerves
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic duct
49
Q

What are the great vessels contained in the superior mediastinum?

A
  • Brachiocephalic veins- receives lymph from the body, left twice as long as right
    • Central lines! possible to cross left–> right
  • Superior part superior vena cava
  • Bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk
  • Roots of the pulmonary arteries
  • Arch of the aorta and major branches
    • Brachiocephalic trunk
    • Left common carotid
    • Left subclavian artery
50
Q

What composes the posterior mediastinum?

A
  • Thoracic duct
  • Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
  • Azygos, hemi-azygos, and accessory hemi-azygos veins
  • Thoracic sympathetic trunks
  • Thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • Thoracic aorta
    • Surrounded by thoracic aortic sympathetic plexus
  • Esophagus
  • Esophageal plexus
  • Vagus nerve
51
Q

What is located inside the middle mediastinum?

A
  • Pericardium
  • Heart
  • Ascending aorta
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Superior vena cava
  • Arch of the azygos vein
  • Main bronchi
52
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • Double-walled membrane
    • Encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels
    • Outermost layer is the parietal layer
      • Reflected onto the heart and great vessels
    • Innermost layer is the visceral layer
      • Comprises the epicardium (external layer of the heart wall)
    • Pericardial cavity
      • Contains serous fluid
      • Frictionless movement of the heart
53
Q

What is vasculature to pericardium?

A

•Pericardiacophrenic artery (branch of the internal thoracic artery) and pericardiacophrenic veins

54
Q

What are the 3 layes of tissue of heart?

A
  • Epicardium
    • Thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of the pericardium
  • Myocardium
    • Thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
  • Endocardium
    • Thin internal layer that lines the heart and covers the valves
55
Q

The heart is a ___ ___

A

Double pump

  • Right side receives poorly oxygenated blood from the SVC/IVC and pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary trunk
  • Left side receives highly oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins and pumps to the body via aorta
56
Q

What is the heart’s orientation in the chest?

A
  • Apex
    • Anteriorly and to the left
    • Inferolateral part of the left ventricle
    • 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from median plane
  • Base
    • Posterior aspect
    • Left atrium
    • T6-T9
  • Anterior surface
    • Right ventricle
  • Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface
    • Left ventricle and part of right ventricle
  • Left pulmonary surface
    • Left ventricle, cardiac impression of left lung
  • Right pulmonary surface
    • Mainly by right atrium
57
Q

Where is the apex of the heart? What part of heart does that consist of?

A
  • Anteriorly and to the left
  • Inferolateral part of the left ventricle
  • 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from median plane
58
Q

Where does base of heart sit? What does it consist of?

A
  • Posterior aspect
  • Left atrium
  • T6-T9
59
Q

What’s along the anterior surface ofthe heart?

A

Right ventricle

60
Q

What’s along the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle and part of RV

61
Q

What’s along left pulmonary surface?

A

Left ventricle, cardiac impression of left lung

62
Q

What rests along right pulmonary surface?

A

Mainly right atrium

63
Q

What is the right auricle?

A
  • Closet of heart
    • muscular pouch can expand to increase capacity in right atrium
    • overlaps ascending aorta
64
Q

Features in RA?

A
  • Right auricle
  • coronary sinus
  • sinus venarum
  • crista terminalis
  • perctinate muscle
  • interartrial septum
65
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Receives blood from coronary veins (in right atrium)

66
Q

What is the sinus venarum?

A

Located in right atrium

  • Smooth area
  • SVC level 3rd intercostal
  • IVC level 5th intercostal
  • coronary sinus between right AV orifice and IVC orifice
67
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

Located in right atrium

  • ridge of muscle connected to sinus venarum
68
Q

What are the pectinate muscles?

A

Located in right atrium

  • forms muscular wall
69
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

Separates atrium

Oval fossa (fossa ovalis), remants of fetal foramen ovale

70
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A
  • Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
    • Guards right AV orifice (4th-5th intercostal spaces)
    • Three cusps (tricuspid plays TAPS)
      • Anterior, septal and posterior
      • Chordae tendineae attach to anterior, septal and posterior papillary muscles
        • Prevent valve from prolapsing during ventricular contraction (systole)
        • Papillary muscles contract slightly before ventricle to draw cusps together
        • Normal valve opening: 4-6 cm2
71
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

On right ventricle

Leads to pulmonary trunk

72
Q

Features of RV?

A
  • Conus arteriosus
  • trabeculae carnae
  • papillary muscles
  • intraventricular septum
  • setpmarginal trabecula (moderator band)
73
Q

What is the trabeculae carnae?

A

Inside right ventricle

Irregular muscular elevations (inside ventricle)

74
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Connect to chordae tendinae

75
Q

What is the intraventricular septum?

A

Separates right and left ventricle

bulges into right ventricle due to increased pressure in left

76
Q

What is the septomarginal trabecula?

A
  • (moderator band)
  • Carries part of the right bundle branches of the AV bundle to the anterior papillary muscle
    • Facilitates conduction time and allows for coordinated contraction of the anterior papillary muscle
77
Q

Characteristics of pulmonary valve?

A
  • Semilunar valve
  • Apex of the conus arteriosus (3rd costal cartilage)
  • Three cusps
    • Anterior, right and left (PA go together like LR)
  • Pulmonary sinus just superior to valve, start of the pulmonary trunk
    • Blood prevents cusps from reopening during diastole
  • Normal valve opening: 2 cm2
78
Q

Characteristics of left atrium?

A
  • Receives well oxygenated blood from pulmonary system
  • Left auricle
    • Overlaps pulmonary trunk
    • Contains pectinate muscles
  • Four valve-less pulmonary veins
    • Right and left superior and inferior
    • Posterior wall
  • Slightly thicker wall than right atrium
  • Left AV orifice
79
Q

What is the left auricle?

A

In left atrium

  • Overlaps pulmonary trunk
  • Contains pectinate muscles
80
Q

Characteristics of mitral valve?

A
  • Left atrioventricular (AV) valve; Bicuspid valve
    • Guards left AV orifice (4th costal cartilage)
    • Two cusps
      • Anterior and posterior (remember MAP)
      • Chordae tendineae attach to anterior and posterior papillary muscles
        • Prevent valve from prolapsing during ventricular contraction (systole)
        • Papillary muscles contract slightly before ventricle to draw cusps together
  • Normal valve opening: 4-6 cm2
  • •
81
Q

What does the left ventricle consist of?

A

Walls are 2-3 times thicker than right ventricle

  • Trabeculae carneae
    • Finer but more numerous than right ventricle
  • Anterior and posterior papillary muscles
    • Larger than those in right ventricle
  • Aortic vestibule
    • Smooth walled area leading to aortic orifice
  • Aortic orifice
    • Outflow to ascending aorta
    • Contains aortic valve
82
Q

Characteristics of aortic valve?

A
  • Semilunar valve
  • Apex of the aortic vestibule
    • Three cusps
    • Left, right and posterior
  • Aortic sinus just superior to the cusps, start of the ascending aorta
    • Right aortic sinus contains the opening of the right coronary artery
    • Left aortic sinus contains the opening of the left coronary artery
    • Posterior aortic sinus does not contain a coronary artery
  • Normal valve opening: 2.5- 4.5 cm2
83
Q

At what point do you have aortic stenosis?

A

<1.8 cm2 valve opening

84
Q

What valves are open in diastole

A
  • Tricuspid and mitral
85
Q

What valves are open in systole

A

aortic and pulmonic

86
Q

What composes 1st heart sound?

A

First heart sound, S1

  • Closure of the AV valves
  • Systole
  • Tricuspid valve
    • Near left sternal border in 5th intercostal space
  • Mitral valve
    • apex of heart in 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
87
Q

What composes 2nd heart sound?

A
  • Closure of semilunar valves
  • Early diastole
  • Aortic valve
    • 2nd intercostal space, right of sternal border
  • Pulmonary valve
    • 2nd intercostal space, left of sternal border
88
Q

What supplies blood to heart? Where do they arise from? Go to?

A
  • Coronary arteries
  • Supply myocardium and epicardium
    • endocardium supplied by blood in chambers of heart
  • Embedded in fat and just deep to epicardium
  • arise from right and left aortic sinuses, proximal to ascending aorta, just superior to aortic valve
89
Q

What does a right dominate system mean? Left dominate?

A

means RCA supplies posterior interventricular branch.

Left dominate means LCA supplies blood to posterior interventricular branch.

90
Q

Course of the RCA? What does it branch off to?

A
  • Arises from right aortic sinus
  • Runs along coronary sulcus
  • SA nodal branch
    • supplies SA node
  • Right marginal branch
    • right border of heart
  • Av nodal branch
    • crux of heart (junction of septa and walls of four chambers)
    • av node
  • Posterior interventricular branch
    • left and right ventricles
    • interventricular septum
91
Q

What does RCA typically supply in right dominate system?

A
  • RA
  • Most RV
  • Part LV
  • Part IV septum (posterior third)
  • SA node (60% people)
  • AV node (80% people)
92
Q

Where does LCA come off from?

What does it divide into?

A
  • Comes off left aortic sinus
  • Runs along coronary sinus
  • Divdes into:
  • anterior interventricular branch (LAD)
    • Interventricular setpum
    • anastomoses with posterior IV branch of RCA
  • Circumflex branch
    • left posterior ventricle
  • left marginal artery
    • left ventricle
93
Q

What does LCA supply?

A

Typically supplies

  • Left atrium
  • Most of the left ventricle
  • Part of the right ventricle
  • Most of the IV septum (anterior two-thirds)
  • AV bundle of conducting tissue
  • SA node in 40% of people
94
Q

What makes venous drainage of heart?

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • small caridac vein
  • coroanry sinus
  • anterior cardiac veins empty into RA (or coronary sinus)
95
Q

What does the great cardiac vein follow? Empty into?

A

Follows LAD and circumflex

Empties into coronary sinus

96
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein vollow? Empy into?

A

Close proximity to posterior itnerventricular branch

empty into coronary sinus

97
Q

What does small cardiac vein follow?Empty into?

A

Follows RCA

Empty into coronary sinus

98
Q

Where does coronary sinus empty into?

A

right atrium

99
Q

What is conduction pathway through heart?

A
  • Sinu-atrial (SA) node
    • Nodal tissue that initiates and regulates heartbeat; 60-100 bpm
    • Deep to epicardium, junction of SVC and right atrium
  • Internodal tracts to depolarize atria
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
    • Smaller collection of nodal tissue
    • Directs SA nodal signal to septum and initiates and regulates heartbeat (if SA node fails); 40-60 bpm
    • Interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus
  • Atrioventricular bundle of HIS
    • Distributes signal to ventricles
  • Right and left bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
    • Nodal tissue; if SA/AV nodes fail to fire will initiate heartbeat; 20-40 bpm
100
Q

What provides sympathetic innervation to heart?

A
  • Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses
    • around bifurcation carina
  • Presynaptic fibers with cell bodies in the intermediolateral cell columns of the superior 5-6 thoracic segments of spinal cord
    • T1-T5 typically
  • Postsynaptic fibers with cell bodies in the cervical and superior thoracic paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunks
  • Postsynaptic fibers end in the SA and AV nodes and close to coronary arteries
  • Increases heart rate and force of contraction
  • Dilation of coronary arteries by inhibiting their constriction
101
Q

What is parasympathetic innervation of heart?

A
  • Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses
  • Parasympathetic
    • Presynaptic fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X)
    • Postsynaptic cell bodies located near SA and AV nodes and along coronary arteries
    • Slows heart rate and reduces force of contraction
    • Constricts coronary arteries­
102
Q

What causes referred chest pain?

A

Cardiac pain is carried on sympathetic nerve fibers back to spinal cord. These travel in DRG along with sensory from T3-T6 dermatomes on arm. The brain can not differentiate where the pain is coming from, so you also experience arm pain with chest pain.

103
Q

What is the bezold-jarisch reflex?

A

Stimulus: Profound hypovolemia of left ventricle and myocardial ischemia

Reflex result:Bradycardia, hypotension and coronary vasodilation

104
Q

Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Stimulus: A full heart and venous congestion

Result: Increased heart rate

105
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex?

A

Stimuli: hypoxia and hypercarbia

Reflex result: increase MV and sympathetic tone

106
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex?

A

Stimuli: Acute decreased blood pressure (or acute increase blood pressure)

Reflex result: Increased heart rate, increased contractility and increased SVR (opposite for increased blood pressure)

107
Q

What does the SA nodal branch perfuse?

A

SA node

108
Q

What does the right maginal branch perfuse in the heart?

A

right border of the heart

109
Q

What does the AV nodal branch of the heart perfuse?

A
  • AV node
  • crux of the heart (junction of septa and walls of the four chambers)
110
Q

What does the posterior interventricular branch supply in the heart?

A

Left and Right ventricles

Interventricular septum

111
Q

What does the anterior interventricular branch (left anterior descending) supply?

A
  • left and right ventircles
  • interventricular septum
  • anastomoses with posterior IV branch of RCA
112
Q

What does the circumflex branch supply?

A

left posterior ventricle

113
Q

What does the left marginal artery supply?

A

left ventricle

Anatomy Test 4 (2 decks)

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