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Thorax and Lungs > Thorax and Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what reference line is on the anterior chest

A

midsternal line

midclavicular line

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2
Q

What reference line is on the posterior chest

A

vertebral line

scapula line

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3
Q

what does the thoraci cage consist of

A

12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebra
diaphram

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4
Q

thoracic cavity- mediatinum

A

middle section of thoraci cavity

contains the esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels

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5
Q

Thoracic cage- pleural cavities

A

on each side of mediastinum contains the lungs

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6
Q

what are the lung borders- anterior chest

A

apex is the highest point of lung tissue

base is the lower border rest on diaphram at about 6th rib

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7
Q

Thoracic cavity- lung borders posteriorally

A

c7 marks the apex of lung tissue and t10 usually corresponds to the base

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8
Q

Lobes of lungs

A

right lung is shorter than left lung due to liver
left lung is narrower than right lung because heart buldges out to the left
right lung has three lobes
left lung has two lobes

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9
Q

lobes of lungs

A

are separated by fissures that run obliquely through the chest

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10
Q

anterior lobe of lung

A

oblique fissure crosses the 5th rib in midaxillary line and terminate at 6th rib in midclavicular line
right lung contains horozontal fissure which divide right upper and middle lobe

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11
Q

posterior lung lobe

A

posterior chest is almost all lower lobe
upper lobes occupy a smaller band of tissue from their apices at t1 down to t3 or t4-which lower lobes begi and their inferior border reach down to t10 on expiration and t12 on inspiration

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12
Q

what are 3 points about lobe of lungs

A

the left lung has no middle lobe
anterior chest contains mostly upper and middle lobe- with very little lower lobe
posterior chest contains almost all lower lobe

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13
Q

what is pleurae

A

serous membranes that form an enevelope between the lungs and chest wall

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14
Q

visceral pleura

A

lines the outside of the lungs dipping down into fissures

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15
Q

parietal pleura

A

lining the inside of the chest wall and diaphram

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16
Q

Trachea

A

lies anterior to the esphogus and is 10-11 cm in adults
begins at the cricoid cartilage in neck into the right and left main bronchi
posterior tracheal bifurcation is level t4 or t5
right main bronchus is shorter, wider ad more vertical than left main bronchus

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17
Q

what does the trachea and bronchi do

A

transport gases btw the environment and lung parenchyma

they constitute dead space or spaced filled with air but is not avail for gaseous exchange

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18
Q

bronchial treep

A

protects alveoli from small particulate matter in the inhaled air
line with goblet cells which secrete mucus that entraps the particles

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19
Q

what is the acinus

A

functional unit of the respiratory tract

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20
Q

what are the four major functions of the respiratory system

A

supply oxygen to body for energy production
remove carbon dioxide as a waste product of energy reaction
maintaiing homeostatis of arterial blood
maintaining heat exchange

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21
Q

hypoventilation

A

slow shallow breathing and causes carbon dioxide to build up

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22
Q

hyperventialtion

A

rapid deep breathing causes carbon dioxide to be blown off

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23
Q

mechanism of respiration

A

by supplying oxygen to the blood and eliminating excess carbon dioxide
respiration maintain the ph or acid base balance of blood

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24
Q

changing chest size-inspiration

A

increasing the size of the thoracic container creates a slightly negative pressure in relation to atmospheere so air rushes in to fill the partial vacuum
the major muscle responsible is the diaphragm-contraction of diaphragm causes it to descend and flatten

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25
Q

changing chest size-expiration

A

as diaphragm relaxes elastic forces within the lung, chest cage, and abdomen causes it to dome up. This squeezing creates a positve pressure within alveoli and the air flows out

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26
Q

inspiration

A

air rushes into lungs as chest size increase

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27
Q

expiration

A

air is expelled from lungs and the chest recoils

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28
Q

what are the anteriro thoracic landmarks

A

suprasternal notch
sterum
sternal angle
costal angle

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29
Q

sternal angle- aka angle of louis

A

articulation of manubrium and body of sernum

continous with 2nd rib

30
Q

what are the posterir thoracic landmarks

A

vertebra prominens
spinous processes
inferiro border of scapula
12 rib

31
Q

vertebra prominens

A

most prominent bony spur protruding at base of the neck

spinour process; c7 upper, t1 lower

32
Q

spinous process

A

stack together to form the spinal column

align with therir same numbered rib until t4

33
Q

inferior border of scapula

A

located in hemithorax

lower tip usually at 7th or 8th rib

34
Q

thoracic cage

A

cage go around entire upper body

1st rib cannot feel; rib 2 you can actually palpate

35
Q

anterior thoracic cage

A

1st 7 ribs attach to sternum
8,9,10 attach to cartilage
11,12 free floating

36
Q

costal angle

A

at xiphoid process

90 degree angle

37
Q

where do diaphram sit

A

ant 6th rib
post t10
lat t8

38
Q

sternum has three parts

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

39
Q

post thorax

A

ribs slope downward
end of scapula end at t7
rib slope upward anteriorally

40
Q

post lung lobe

A

RML cannot be accessed

RML only accessible laterally

41
Q

right lobe anteriorally

A

RUL
RML
RLL

42
Q

left lobe anteriorally

A

LUL

LLL

43
Q

what is the major muscle of respiration

A

diaphragm

44
Q

three normal breath sounds

A

bronchial (tracheal)
bronchovesicular
vesicular

45
Q

bronchial (tracheal)

A 
high pitch
loud amplitude
inspiration less than expiration
harsh hollow tubular
trachea and larynx
46
Q

bronchovesicular

A 
moderate pitch
moderate amplitude
inspiration equal expiration
mixed
over major bronchi where fewer alveoli are located; posterior btw scapulae; anterior upper sternum in 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces
47
Q

vesicular

A

low pitch
soft amplitude
inspiration greater than expiration
rustling like the sound of wind over peripheral lung fields

48
Q

males and young children are abdominal breathers; females are diaphrgm breathers

A

males and young children are abdominal breathers; females are diaphragm breathers

49
Q

tactile fremitus

A

vibrations created by sounds

50
Q

percuss post chest

A

1-2-3 located 2-3 cm above scapula- right above apex of lung

51
Q

decreased fremitus

A

occurs when anything obstructs transmission of vibrations

example- obstructed bronchus, pleural effusion or thickening, pneumothorax or emphysema

52
Q

increased fremitus

A

occurs with compression or consolidation of lung tissue

example- lobar pneumonia

53
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid shallow breathing
increased rate greater than 24 per min
example- normal response to fear, fever, or exercise

54
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

decreased but regular rate less than 10 per min

55
Q

hyperventilation

A

increase in both depth and rate
occur with extreme fear or anxiety
blows off co2 causing a decreased level in blood

56
Q

hypoventilation

A

irregular shallow pattern caused by an overdose off narcotics or anesthetics

57
Q

chronic obstructive breathing

A

normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway resistance

58
Q

adventitous lund sounds

A

crackles; fine and course
pleural friction rub
wheeze-sibilant and sonorous
stridor

59
Q

crackles fine and course

A

discontinous high pitched short crackling popping sound heard during inspiration

loud high pitched bublbling and gurgling sounds that start in early inspiration

60
Q

pleural friction rub

A

superficial sound that is course and low pitched; grating qualit like two pieces of leather rubbing together

61
Q

wheeze-high pitch; sibilant

A

musical squeaking sounds that sound polyphonic predominate in expiration

62
Q

wheeze-low pitch; sonorous

A

low pitch monophonic single note, musical snoring, moaning sounds promient on expiration

63
Q

stidor

A

high pitched monophonic inspiratiory, crowing sound louder in neck than over chest walls

64
Q

resonance

A

throughout peripheral field over air fill

65
Q

diaphragm go up

A

when you breath out

3-5 cm should be measurement

66
Q

diaphragm go down

A

when you breathe in

3-5 should be measurement

67
Q

broncial (tracheal)

A

cannot be accessed posterally only anteriolly

68
Q

absence of diaphragmatic excursion occurs with

A

pleural effusion or atelectasis of the lower lobes

69
Q

pulse oximeter measures

A

arterial oxygen saturation

70
Q

manubriosternal angle is

A

the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Thorax and Lungs (1 decks)

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