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Thorax and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what reference line is on the anterior chest

A

midsternal line

midclavicular line

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2
Q

What reference line is on the posterior chest

A

vertebral line

scapula line

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3
Q

what does the thoraci cage consist of

A

12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebra
diaphram

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4
Q

thoracic cavity- mediatinum

A

middle section of thoraci cavity

contains the esophagus, trachea, heart, and great vessels

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5
Q

Thoracic cage- pleural cavities

A

on each side of mediastinum contains the lungs

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6
Q

what are the lung borders- anterior chest

A

apex is the highest point of lung tissue

base is the lower border rest on diaphram at about 6th rib

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7
Q

Thoracic cavity- lung borders posteriorally

A

c7 marks the apex of lung tissue and t10 usually corresponds to the base

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8
Q

Lobes of lungs

A

right lung is shorter than left lung due to liver
left lung is narrower than right lung because heart buldges out to the left
right lung has three lobes
left lung has two lobes

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9
Q

lobes of lungs

A

are separated by fissures that run obliquely through the chest

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10
Q

anterior lobe of lung

A

oblique fissure crosses the 5th rib in midaxillary line and terminate at 6th rib in midclavicular line
right lung contains horozontal fissure which divide right upper and middle lobe

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11
Q

posterior lung lobe

A

posterior chest is almost all lower lobe
upper lobes occupy a smaller band of tissue from their apices at t1 down to t3 or t4-which lower lobes begi and their inferior border reach down to t10 on expiration and t12 on inspiration

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12
Q

what are 3 points about lobe of lungs

A

the left lung has no middle lobe
anterior chest contains mostly upper and middle lobe- with very little lower lobe
posterior chest contains almost all lower lobe

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13
Q

what is pleurae

A

serous membranes that form an enevelope between the lungs and chest wall

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14
Q

visceral pleura

A

lines the outside of the lungs dipping down into fissures

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15
Q

parietal pleura

A

lining the inside of the chest wall and diaphram

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16
Q

Trachea

A

lies anterior to the esphogus and is 10-11 cm in adults
begins at the cricoid cartilage in neck into the right and left main bronchi
posterior tracheal bifurcation is level t4 or t5
right main bronchus is shorter, wider ad more vertical than left main bronchus

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17
Q

what does the trachea and bronchi do

A

transport gases btw the environment and lung parenchyma

they constitute dead space or spaced filled with air but is not avail for gaseous exchange

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18
Q

bronchial treep

A

protects alveoli from small particulate matter in the inhaled air
line with goblet cells which secrete mucus that entraps the particles

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19
Q

what is the acinus

A

functional unit of the respiratory tract

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20
Q

what are the four major functions of the respiratory system

A

supply oxygen to body for energy production
remove carbon dioxide as a waste product of energy reaction
maintaiing homeostatis of arterial blood
maintaining heat exchange

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21
Q

hypoventilation

A

slow shallow breathing and causes carbon dioxide to build up

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22
Q

hyperventialtion

A

rapid deep breathing causes carbon dioxide to be blown off

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23
Q

mechanism of respiration

A

by supplying oxygen to the blood and eliminating excess carbon dioxide
respiration maintain the ph or acid base balance of blood

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24
Q

changing chest size-inspiration

A

increasing the size of the thoracic container creates a slightly negative pressure in relation to atmospheere so air rushes in to fill the partial vacuum
the major muscle responsible is the diaphragm-contraction of diaphragm causes it to descend and flatten

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25
changing chest size-expiration
as diaphragm relaxes elastic forces within the lung, chest cage, and abdomen causes it to dome up. This squeezing creates a positve pressure within alveoli and the air flows out
26
inspiration
air rushes into lungs as chest size increase
27
expiration
air is expelled from lungs and the chest recoils
28
what are the anteriro thoracic landmarks
suprasternal notch sterum sternal angle costal angle
29
sternal angle- aka angle of louis
articulation of manubrium and body of sernum | continous with 2nd rib
30
what are the posterir thoracic landmarks
vertebra prominens spinous processes inferiro border of scapula 12 rib
31
vertebra prominens
most prominent bony spur protruding at base of the neck | spinour process; c7 upper, t1 lower
32
spinous process
stack together to form the spinal column | align with therir same numbered rib until t4
33
inferior border of scapula
located in hemithorax | lower tip usually at 7th or 8th rib
34
thoracic cage
cage go around entire upper body | 1st rib cannot feel; rib 2 you can actually palpate
35
anterior thoracic cage
1st 7 ribs attach to sternum 8,9,10 attach to cartilage 11,12 free floating
36
costal angle
at xiphoid process | 90 degree angle
37
where do diaphram sit
ant 6th rib post t10 lat t8
38
sternum has three parts
manubrium body xiphoid process
39
post thorax
ribs slope downward end of scapula end at t7 rib slope upward anteriorally
40
post lung lobe
RML cannot be accessed | RML only accessible laterally
41
right lobe anteriorally
RUL RML RLL
42
left lobe anteriorally
LUL | LLL
43
what is the major muscle of respiration
diaphragm
44
three normal breath sounds
bronchial (tracheal) bronchovesicular vesicular
45
bronchial (tracheal)
``` high pitch loud amplitude inspiration less than expiration harsh hollow tubular trachea and larynx ```
46
bronchovesicular
``` moderate pitch moderate amplitude inspiration equal expiration mixed over major bronchi where fewer alveoli are located; posterior btw scapulae; anterior upper sternum in 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces ```
47
vesicular
low pitch soft amplitude inspiration greater than expiration rustling like the sound of wind over peripheral lung fields
48
males and young children are abdominal breathers; females are diaphrgm breathers
males and young children are abdominal breathers; females are diaphragm breathers
49
tactile fremitus
vibrations created by sounds
50
percuss post chest
1-2-3 located 2-3 cm above scapula- right above apex of lung
51
decreased fremitus
occurs when anything obstructs transmission of vibrations | example- obstructed bronchus, pleural effusion or thickening, pneumothorax or emphysema
52
increased fremitus
occurs with compression or consolidation of lung tissue | example- lobar pneumonia
53
tachypnea
rapid shallow breathing increased rate greater than 24 per min example- normal response to fear, fever, or exercise
54
bradypnea
slow breathing | decreased but regular rate less than 10 per min
55
hyperventilation
increase in both depth and rate occur with extreme fear or anxiety blows off co2 causing a decreased level in blood
56
hypoventilation
irregular shallow pattern caused by an overdose off narcotics or anesthetics
57
chronic obstructive breathing
normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway resistance
58
adventitous lund sounds
crackles; fine and course pleural friction rub wheeze-sibilant and sonorous stridor
59
crackles fine and course
discontinous high pitched short crackling popping sound heard during inspiration loud high pitched bublbling and gurgling sounds that start in early inspiration
60
pleural friction rub
superficial sound that is course and low pitched; grating qualit like two pieces of leather rubbing together
61
wheeze-high pitch; sibilant
musical squeaking sounds that sound polyphonic predominate in expiration
62
wheeze-low pitch; sonorous
low pitch monophonic single note, musical snoring, moaning sounds promient on expiration
63
stidor
high pitched monophonic inspiratiory, crowing sound louder in neck than over chest walls
64
resonance
throughout peripheral field over air fill
65
diaphragm go up
when you breath out 3-5 cm should be measurement
66
diaphragm go down
when you breathe in 3-5 should be measurement
67
broncial (tracheal)
cannot be accessed posterally only anteriolly
68
absence of diaphragmatic excursion occurs with
pleural effusion or atelectasis of the lower lobes
69
pulse oximeter measures
arterial oxygen saturation
70
manubriosternal angle is
the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

Thorax and Lungs (1 decks)

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