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BDS1 BAMS: Respiratory System > Thorax and Breathing > Flashcards

Thorax and Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the thorax?

A

Sternum to vertebral column (T1 to T12)

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2
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the lungs?

A 
Superior = point above the clavicle 
Inferior = diaphragm
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3
Q

Why is the medial surface of the lungs slightly concave?

A

To allow for other viscera to fit in thorax

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4
Q

Where do the primary bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung?

A

At the hilum

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5
Q

What type of control is the diaphragm under?

A

Mostly involuntary but can be overridden

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6
Q

Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve: C 3, 4, 5

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7
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal

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8
Q

What is the top of the lung called?

A 
The apex (the top of the cone shaped structure) 
Projects above the clavicle
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9
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes - superior, middle and inferior

Left lung has 2 lobes - superior and inferior

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10
Q

Which fissures are present in the right lung?

A

Oblique and horizontal fissures separate 3 lobes

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11
Q

Which fissures are present in the left lung?

A

Oblique fissure separates 2 lobes

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12
Q

What do fissures in the lungs enable?

A

Increase the surface area -> allow for more gas exchange

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament made up of?

A

Folds of the parietal and visceral pleura

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14
Q

What does the parietal pleura line?

A

Lines the whole of the thoracic cavity
Adheres to internal surface of the ribs and superior face of the diaphragm
Partitions off the mediastinum

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15
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Very thin layer of endothelium

Pleura is made up of mesothelium

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16
Q

What does the visceral pleura line?

A

Visceral pleura lies against the parietal pleura and covers the outer surface of the lung

17
Q

What is between the 2 layers of pleura (parietal and visceral pleura)?

A

Pleural fluid

18
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

Prevents friction between the 2 pleural layers

19
Q

Where can fluid build up in lung disease?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

20
Q

Why does the aorta not pass through the diaphragm?

A

Would get compressed during breathing

21
Q

What do internal intercostal muscles do in respiration?

A

Depress the ribs

22
Q

What do external intercostal muscles do in respiration?

A

Elevate the ribs

23
Q

What effect does the diaphragm have on the thorax as it contracts and moves downwards?

A

Enlarges the thorax

24
Q

What does the quadratus lumborum do?

A

Depresses the last rib

25
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do in respiration?

A

Raises the clavicle in forced inspiration

26
Q

What do scalene muscles do in respiration?

A

Raise the first rib in forced inspiration

27
Q

What does the pectoralis major muscle do in respiration?

A

Can be used to help widen the thorax in forced inspiration

28
Q

What is salbutamol?

A

A lung dilator

29
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm alone produces what?

A

Quiet inspiration

30
Q

When are external intercostal muscles important in terms of respiration?

A

Forced inspiration (illness/sport)

31
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm during expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles relax - depress ribs (move rib cage downwards). Causes a decrease in the size of the thorax
Diaphragm moves upwards

32
Q

What does elastic recoil of the lung tissue do?

A

Aids expiration

33
Q

What is the blood-air barrier composed of?

A
  • Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
  • Interstitial space
  • Basement membrane of alveolus
  • Alveolar epithelium
34
Q

What is the purpose of the blood air barrier?

A

Prevents mixing of air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
Prevents formation of air bubbles in the blood and blood entering the alveoli

BDS1 BAMS: Respiratory System (8 decks)

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