Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Vaugly, what does the mediastinum contain?
A
Contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their covering pleurae
2
Q
What are the sections of the mediastinum?
A
Superior
Inferior (further divided)
3
Q
What is the inferior mediastinum further divided into?
A
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
4
Q
What is A?
A
Pericardial cavity
5
Q
What is B?
A
Pleural cavity
6
Q
What is C?
A
Pleura
7
Q
What is D?
A
Spinal cord
8
Q
What is E?
A
Right lung
9
Q
What is F?
A
Mediastinum
10
Q
What is G?
A
Heart
11
Q
What is H?
A
Left lung
12
Q
What is A?
A
Superior mediastinum
13
Q
What is B?
A
Inferior mediastinum
14
Q
What is C?
A
Sternal angle
15
Q
What bone forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?
A
Manubrium
16
Q
What vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?
A
T1 - T4
17
Q
What plane seperates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?
A
Transverse
18
Q
What are some structures found in the superior mediastinum?
A
Arteries (aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery)
Veins (brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava)
Nerves (vagus nerve, phrenic nerve)
Trachea
Oesophagus
19
Q
Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is A?
A
Middle mediastinum
20
Q
Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is B?
A
Posterior mediastinum
21
Q
Picture is the inferior mediastinum, what is C?
A
Anterior mediastinum
22
Q
Where in the mediastinum is the thymus found?
A
Anterior
23
Q
Where in the mediastinum is the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?
A
Middle
24
Q
Where in the mediastinum is the descending aorta found?
A
Posterior
25
Where in the mediastinum is the oesophagus found?
Posterior
26
Where in the mediastinum is the thoracic duct found?
Posterior
27
Where in the mediasinum is the azygos vein found?
Posterior
28
Where in the mediastinum is the sympathetic chain found?
Posterior
29
What is the difference between the pericardium, and the pleura and the peritoneum?
Pericardium has an outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer - the fibrous pericardium
30
The picture shows the pericardium, what is A?
Endocardium
31
The picture shows the pericardium, what is B?
Myocardium
32
The picture shows the pericardium, what is C?
Pericardial cavity
33
The picture shows the pericardium, what is D?
Fibrous pericardium
34
The picture shows the pericardium, what is E?
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
35
What is F?
Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
36
What is the epicardium also known as?
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
37
What are the 3 layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?
Fibrious pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
38
Between what 2 layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?
Parietal layer and visceral layer
39
What is the endocardium composed of?
Simple square endothelium
40
What is the myocardium composed of?
Cardiac muscle
41
What is the epicardium composed of?
Simple square epithelium
42
What layer belongs both to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?
Epicardium
43
Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseperably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
44
What protective role is furfilled by the fibrous pericardium?
Prevents overfilling
45
Explain the innervation of the pericardium?
Visceral pericardium - autonomic from T-T4 and vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus
Parietal and fibrous pericardium - phrenic nerve
46
What part of the pericardium does the vagus nerve and T1-T4 nerves innervate?
Visceral pericardium
47
What part of the pericardium does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Parietal and fibrous pericardium
48
Which layer of the pericardium is innervated by pain fibres?
Fibrous and parietal pericardium
49
What role do the auricles have in a heart?
Direct blood to the atrial ventricular gap
50
What is A?
Left atrium
51
What is B?
Right atrium
52
What is C?
Left ventricle
53
What is D?
Right ventricle
54
What organ is the left atrium anterior to?
Oesophagus
55
What is the shape of the heart?
Pyramidal
56
What chamber of the heart forms the apex?
Left ventricle
57
What chamber of the heart forms the base?
Left atrium
58
What is A?
Opening for superior vena cava
59
What is B?
Interatrial septum
60
What is C?
Fossa ovalis
61
What is D?
Opening for coronary sinus
62
What is E?
Opening for inferior vena cava
63
What is F?
Tricuspid valve
64
What is G?
Crista terminalis
65
What is H?
Musculi pectinati
66
What is I?
Left auricle
67
What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?
Foramen ovale in the foetus
68
The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus, what function did this have?
Shunt the blood from the right atrium to the left to pass the lungs
69
What is A?
70
What is B?
71
What is C?
72
What is D?
73
What is E?
74
What is F?
75
What is G?
76
What is the function of the moderator band?
Strengthen and prevent overballooning
Carries primary conductor band with right bundle of his (goes across chamber to cut conduction time)
77
Is the right ventricle wall or left thicker?
The left is thicker by 3x
78
Why is the left ventricle wall 3x thicker than the right?
It has to pump blood to the systemic circulation, not just the pulmonary
79
How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve?
3
80
How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?
3
81
What is A?
Superior pulmonary vein
82
What is B?
Inferior pulmonary vein
83
What is C?
Left atrium
84
What valve guards entry from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
Mitral valve
85
How many cusps are present in the mitral valve?
2
86
How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?
2
87
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
Stop valve failure
Produce tension
88
What is the function of the chordae tendineae?
Stop valve failure
89
What supplies the heart wall with blood?
Left and right coronary arteries and their anastomosing branches
90
How is blood drained from the heart wall?
Cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus
91
What is the coronary sinus?
Wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart
92
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium
93
Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie?
Together in both the atrioventricular sulcus adn the interventricular sulci of the heart wall
94
What is A?
Atrioventricular sulcus
95
What is B?
Interventricular sulcus
96
What is 1?
Aortic arch
97
What is 2?
Right coronary artery
98
What is 3?
Left anterior descending artery
99
What is 4?
Circumflex artery
100
What is 5?
Left coronary artery
101
What is 6?
Posterior interventricular artery
102
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery
103
From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?
Ascending aorta
104
What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?
Right and left coronary arteries
105
What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?
Left anterior descending and posterior interventricular artery
106
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
Right marginal artery
Right posterior descending artery
107
What does the circumflex artery branch into?
Left marginal artery
Circumflex artery (continues)
108
Where are the coronary arteries initially distributed?
Embedded within the epicardium, then piercing the myocardium and giving off branches that surround each cardiac muscle cell
109
What are the origins in the ascending aorta for the coronary arteries called?
Right and left aortic sinuses
110
What is A?
Opening for right coronary artery
111
What is B?
Aortic sinus
112
What is C?
Nodule
113
What is D?
Lunule
114
What is E?
Left coronary artery
115
What is F?
Left semilunar cusp
116
What is G?
Posterior semilunar cusp
117
What is H?
Right semilunar cusp
118
What is I?
Right coronary artery
119
What is A?
Anterior cardiac veins
120
What is B?
Coronary sinus
121
What is C?
Small cardiac vein
122
What is D?
Middle cardiac vein
123
What is E?
Oblique vein of left atrium
124
What is F?
Great cardiac vein
125
What is A?
Right coronary artery
126
What is B?
Posterior interventricular artery
127
What is C?
Right marginal artery
128
What is D?
Anterior interventricular artery
129
What is E?
Circumflex artery
130
What is F?
Left coronary artery
131
What does the anterior interventricular artery supply blood to?
Interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
132
What does the circumflex artery supply blood to?
Left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle
133
What does the right marginal artery supply blood to?
Lateral right side of heart (including right atrium)
134
What does the posterior interventricular artery supply blood to?
Posterior right ventricle walls
135
Where does the great cardiac vein lie?
Alongside the left anterior descending artery in the anterior interventricular groove
136
here does the middle cardiac vein lie?
Alongside the posterior descending artery in the posterior interventricular groove
137
Where does the small cardiac vein lie?
Alongside the right marginal artery near the righ inferior margin of the heart
138
Where does the coronary sinus lie?
Alongside the circumflex artery in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart
139
Where does the coronary sinus drain directly into?
Right atrium
140
What are venae cordis minimae?
Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart
141
What are small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart called?
Venae cordis minimae
142
What is A?
Aortic arch
143
What is B?
Ascending aorta
144
What is C?
Common iliac arteries
145
What is D?
Abdominal aorta
146
What is E?
Descending aorta
147
What is F?
Thoracic aorta
148
What vertebrae level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?
T4
149
What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?
L4
150
What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?
L5
151
What branches occur from the ascending aorta?
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
152
What branches occur from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
153
What is A?
Oesophagus
154
What is B?
Trachea
155
What is C?
Aorta
156
What is D?
Brachiocephalic trunk
157
What is E?
Left common carotid artery
158
What is F?
Left subclavian artery
159
What branches from the descending thoracic aorta?
Posterior intercostal arteries (only identifiable ones on wet specimen)
Bronchial arteries
Oesophageal arteries
Pericardial arteries
160
What is A?
Right bronchial artery
161
What is B?
Posterior intercostal arteries
162
What is D?
Oesophageal arteries
163
What is E?
Mediastinal branches
164
What is F?
Left bronchial artery
165
How do the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the chest wall occur?
Segmentally for each intercostal space being supplied in the form of a neurovascular bundle running anteriorly along the space
166
Where do the vessels of the neurovascular bundle arise from, or drain to?
Larger vessels that run vertically along the anterior and posterior chest wall
167
What chest wall arteries arise from the descending thoracic aorta?
Posterior intercostal arteries
168
What chest wall arteries arise from internal thoracic (mammary) artery?
Anterior intercostal arteries
169
What artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery?
Subclavian arteries
170
Where does the internal thoracic artery lie?
Parasternally, being accompanied by the internal thoracic veins
171
Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?
Internal thoracic veins
172
What do the branches of the internal thoracic arteries supply?
Anterior intercostal arteries
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pleura
Diaphragm
173
What is A?
Perforating branches
174
What is B?
Superior epigastric artery
175
What is C?
Musculophrenic artery
176
What is D?
Anterior intercostal arteries
177
What is E?
Pericardiacphrenic artery
178
What is F?
Subclavian artery
179
What do the arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta supply?
Diaphragm
Adrenals
Kidneys
Gonads
Gut tube
180
At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries arise?
L4
181
At what vertebral levels do the external iliac arteries arise?
L5
182
At what vertebral level do the internal iliac arteries arise?
L5
183
What do the iliac arteries lie in?
Iliac fossae
184
What does the external iliac arteries go onto become?
Femoral artery
185
What are the common iliac arteries the terminal branches of?
Descending aorta
186
What are the external iliac arteries the terminal branches of?
Common iliac arteries
187
What does the internal iliac arteries supply?
Pelvic viscera
188
What are the internal iliac arteries the terminal branch of?
Common iliac arteries
189
What is A?
Right common iliac artery
190
What is B?
Right external iliac artery
191
What is C?
Right femoral artery
192
What is D?
Right internal iliac artery
193
Arteries have branches, what do veins have?
Tributaries
194
What are the great arteries leaving the heart?
Aorta
Pulmonary trunk
195
What are the great veins entering the heart?
Superior and inferior vena cava
196
Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) drain blood from?
Hear
Neck
Upper limbs
197
Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) drain blood from?
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
Lower limbs
198
What drains the intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins?
Internal thoracic (mammary) vein
199
Where does the internal thoracic (mammary) vein drain from and to?
Drains the anterior intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins
200
What is A?
Superior vena cava
201
What is B?
Phrenic nerve
202
What is C?
Phrenic nerve
203
What is D?
Pulmonary trunk
204
What is E?
Aorta
205
What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?
Left and right brachiocephalic veins
Azygos vein
206
What are tributaries of the inferior vena cava?
Left and right common iliac veins
207
What is A?
Right brachiocephalic vein
208
What is B?
Superior vena cava
209
What is C?
Left and right common iliac veins
210
What is D?
Inferior vena cava
211
What is E?
Lef brachiocephalic vein
212
What drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava?
Azygos venous system
213
Where does the azygos venous system drain blood from and to?
Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava
214
What does drainage of the posterior chest wall consist of?
Azygos veinous system on the right side
Hemiazygos veinous system on the left side
215
Where does the hemoazygos vein drain into?
Azygos vein by crossing from left to right at T8/T9
216
Where does the hemiazygos vein cross the median line from left to right?
T8/T9
217
Into which vein does the azygos vein drain into?
Superior vena cava
218
Which chest wall veins are drained by the azygos and hemiazygos venous systems?
Posterior intercostal veins
219
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
Right subclavian vein
220
What is A?
Azygos vein
221
What is B?
Hemiazygos vein
