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anatomy thorax > thorax > Flashcards

thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic cage includes

A
  •  Sternum (anterior surface)
    •  12 pairs of ribs
       Thoracic vertebrae (posterior surfaces)
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2
Q

Explain structure of sternum

A

-pointed part is called xiphoid process
-sternal angle is where the manubrium joins the sternum – where rib 2 attaches at T4

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3
Q

true ribs

A

-7 pairs
-attached to sternum by their own costal cartilage

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4
Q

false ribs

A

-3pairs
-connected to sternum by attaching to costal cartilage of 7th rib

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5
Q

floating ribs

A

2 pairs, don’t attach to sternum

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6
Q

artetures

A

superior and inferior apertures: opening of ribs

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7
Q

function of thorax

A

1)protection: for vital organs
2)support
3) respiratory movements: essential for air to be drawn in/out of lungs

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8
Q

which Side of diaphragm higher

A

right side higher than left (liver sits on right side

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9
Q

where is aorta in the diaphragm

A

– T12 level

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10
Q

where is the oesophagus in the diaphragm

A

T10

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11
Q

where is the capital hiatus/inferior vena cava in the diaphragm

A

T8

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12
Q

intercostal muscles

A

Three types:
*  External – responsible for inspiration
*  Internal – responsible for expiration
*  Innermost – responsible for forced expiration – thinnest
 External and internal/innermost muscle fibres run perpendicular to each other
NB: intercostal vessels and nerves run in the costal groove of P-shaped ribs (VAN from Sup. to Inf.)

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13
Q

What are costal grooves?

A

P shaped dip, location of intercostal neovascular supply, superficial to innermost costal muscles

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14
Q

What is neurovascular bundle

A

The Neurovascular Bundle is the collective term for the Intercostal Vein and Artery and Nerve that travels within the intercostal space. vein, artery, nerve (top to bottom)
-The Muscles within the Intercostal Space need a blood and nerve supply. This is provided by the Neurovascular Bundle, and each intercostal space on either side of the rib cage has a Neurovascular Bundle that travels beneath each rib border, in the Costal Groove.
-travel between the Internal and Innermost Intercostal Muscles

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15
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A
  1. Increase volume in thorax, decrease pressure in cavity
    1. External ICM contracts
    2. Fibre origin is superior so pull upwards
    3. It pulls ribcage and sternum upwards and out
      Diameter of lower ribcage increases transverse diameter
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16
Q

What happens when you exhale

A
  1. Decrease volume in thorax, decrease pressure in cavity
    1. Internal ICM contracts
    2. Fibres of origin inferior so pull downwards
    3. Pulls ribcage and sternum down and in
      Diameter of upper ribcage decreases posterior to anterior diameter
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17
Q

2 ways ribs increase volume of thorax

A

-lengthen thorax
-increases diameter of thorax

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18
Q

What is mediastinum

A

Mediastinum – the area between the lungs
Encloses: heart, major vessels and nerves, trachea and oesophagus

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19
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous sac that encloses heart and keeps it in a stable locaton

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20
Q

superior mediastinum

A

The superior mediastinum includes the trachea, oesophagus and major vessels
o The aorta is split into ascending, arch and descending
o The following vessels branch off in order from the arch:
*  Brachiocephalic trunk - neck and right arm, head, upper extremeties
*  Left common carotid -brain
 Left subclavian artery -left arm, head, thorax

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21
Q

What is role of superior mediastinum?

A

Supply blood to head/neck and upper limbs

22
Q

The middle inferior mediastinum includes

A

heart and pericardium

23
Q

The posterior inferior mediastinum includes

A

he oesophagus, descending aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein and sympathetic chain

24
Q

What is azygous vein

A

-. It helps move blood from your chest and abdomen to your heart, where it’s reoxygenated.
transports deoxygenated blood from posterior walls of thorax and abdomen into superior vena cava vein

25
Q

What is pleural cavity made of?

A

-sac made of 2 layers
1. Visceral pleural - anterior
Parietal pleural - posterior (ppp)

26
Q

What is the fluid in pleural cavity?

A

-helps lungs slide
-creates surface tension between layers to aid inspiration

27
Q

Function of descending aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from heart through your chest and diaphragm

28
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

Carry food from mouth to stomach

29
Q

How many lobes in lung

A
  •  The right lung as three lobes: superior middle and inferior
  •  The left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior
  •  Each lobe is supplied by a secondary bronchus (branch)
    o The lines between superior and inferior lobes are called oblique fissures
    o The line between the superior and middle lobes in the right lung is called a horizontal fissure
    o The apex of a lung is located superiorly – “pointy top”
30
Q

What is the hilum

A

Hilum – lung roots – found on the medial aspect of each lung
*  Pulmonary artery
*  Primary bronchus, dividing into secondary bronchus
*  Pulmonary veins (x2)
 Pulmonary ligament

31
Q

left hilum

A

pulmonary artery at top
bronchus
pulmonary vein

32
Q

right hilum

A

bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein

33
Q

valves

A

The heart has valves to prevent backflow:
 Atrioventricular valves
o Right – tricuspid
o Left – mitral (bicuspid)

 Semilunar valves
o Right – pulmonary
o Left – aortic

34
Q

papillary muscles

A

stop valves from inverting.

35
Q

chordae tendinae

A

papillary muscles divert into chordae which attach to cusps of semilunar valves . strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.

36
Q

where is mitral valve

A

left side (bicuspid)

37
Q

How are coronary arteries filled?

A

When SL valves close

38
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

Arteries that branch off the aorta and surround the heart, ensuring it all gets oxygenated blood

39
Q

How many coronary arteries are there

A

2

40
Q

What are coronary veins

A
  1. Coronary sinus
    1. Great cardiac vein
      Posterior vein of left ventricle
41
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  •  Right and left coronary arteries branch off the aorta before it ascends
    •  The left coronary artery branches into:
      o Circumflex artery – curves around the back of LA
      o Left anterior descending artery – “LAD”  The right coronary artery branches into:
      o Right marginal artery
      o Right posterior descending artery
      NB: left and right coronary vessels anastomose posteriorly
42
Q

external intercostal rib innervation

A

innervated by their intercostal nerve

43
Q

direction of fibres of intercostal muscles

A

the direction of the fibres of the internal intercostal muscles runs at 90 degrees to the external intercostal muscles.
-innermost fibres run perpendicular to the ribs

44
Q

Musculophrenic Artery

A

Intercostal Spaces 7 to 9 are supplied anteriorly by the Musculophrenic Artery, a branch of the internal thoracic artery.

45
Q

Anterior Intercostal Arteries

A

Anteriorly, Intercostal Spaces 1 to 6 receive its blood supply from Anterior Intercostal Arteries. These arteries branch off from the Internal Thoracic Arteries that travel just lateral to the lateral border of the sternum

46
Q

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

A

With the exception of the 1st Intercostal Space, the remaining 9 intercostal spaces are supplies by Posterior Intercostal Arteries that arise direction from the thoracic aorta.
-They bifurcate (branch) shortly after entering the intercostal space, producing a collateral posterior intercostal artery

47
Q

Anterior Intercostal Veins

A

that drain intercostal spaces 1-6 drain into the Internal Thoracic Vein. The Musculophrenic Vein drains for intercostal spaces 7-9.

48
Q

Posterior Intercostal Veins

A

on the Right Side of the Thorax drain into the Azygos Vein. For the first 3 intercostal spaces, this happens indirectly via a Right Superior Intercostal Vein, for the remaining intercostal spaces (4-11), they drain directly into the Azygos Vein.

49
Q

Left Brachiocephalic Vein.

A

On the Left side, however, the first 3 intercostal spaces drain via their respective Posterior Intercostal Vein, into the Left Brachiocephalic Vein. The 1st intercostal space does this directly. For Intercostal spaces 2 and 3, this is via the Left Superior Intercostal Vein.

50
Q

where is lung apex

A

top of lung

51
Q

what is costal surface of lung

A

outer surface

anatomy thorax (1 decks)

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